Amzruy N Lmɣrib
Zɣ Tarkyulujit ar ibayyan mas Lmɣrib ityuzdaɣ zɣ zikk, uggar n 400,000 n usggas.
Ityuzdaɣ zɣ azrmzruy s imaziɣn, Lmɣrib d wakal nns zrin gisn tugt n tiɣurma, zund Iculin, Imustirn, Iɛatirin,Ibrumurizin,Ikaṛdyalin, Ijaṛsin, d Iqaḅṣin. Amzruy nna ittyaran n Lmɣṛib ibda zɣ uzmz n ukccum n Ifiniqn s tafriqt n ugafa, ger tasut tis VI d tasut tiss VIII qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.
Tagldit n Muṛiṭanya tga tagldit nna akk izwarn ɣ Lmɣṛib, ɣ usggas n 44 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ kcmen-ttid Iṛumyen d Lwandal d Lḅiẓantiyyin, ddu lḥukm n Imurin nɣ Lmur imaziɣn. Ɣ tusut tamzwarut n lhijra n umazan n ṛbbi taẓallit n Ṛebbi fllas, kcmnd s Lmɣṛib imuslmen awind ditsn Lislam ddu lḥukm n umawiyyin. Kcmn Imaziɣen s Lislam ddu ufus nsen. Ɣ usggas n 720 n tlalit, ddu ufus n Maysara Amḍɣri, skern Imaziɣn tagrawla f imuslmen, mac imaziɣen ɣaman ɣ Lislam.
Lluṛa n tagrawla n imaziɣn, Lmɣṛib iffuɣ zɣ lḥukm n umawiyyin hkamn ixf nssen. Ɣ Lislam zrint kigan n tiglday ɣ Lmɣṛib, zund :
- Buṛɣwaṭa
- Ayt nkkuṛ
- Ayt mdrar
- Ayt Dris
- imṛabṭn
- imwaḥdin
- Lmariniyyin
- iwṭṭaṣn
- Ssaɛdiyyin
- Ayt Ɛli
Ɣ usggas n 1912 n lmilad Lmɣṛib ikcm ddaw lḥimaya n fṛanṣa, lluṛa n tassast n ugadir d tassast tamɣṛabit tamzwarut. Ɣ usggas n 1956 Lmɣṛib yumẓ tasimant-ns.
Azrmzruy
Adɣar lli ɣ illa Lmɣrib ɣilad ikka-tt-inn ittuyzdaɣ zɣ uzmz aẓrwan aqbur, ɣ kran wakud illan gr 190.000 d 90.000 q.ɛ (qbl ad ilul ɛisa). Tlla yat tiɣri tamaynut tzḍar ad tml mas t-inn ikka Lmɣrib ittuyzdaɣ qbl akk tarix ad bɛd ma d ufan kran ixsan n ufgan azayku ma mu ttinin Homosapiens tama n uftas n yill aṭlasi ɣ udrar n Iɣud lliɣ asn skrn taḥalil ufan mas lɛmr nnsn ar itturri s 315.000 q.ɛ, ɣayad ad yujjan ixsan ad ad gin tilli akk iqburn ɣ umaḍal akk.
Ɣ uzmz anaẓran (n uẓru) amaynu, uckand iṣyaḍn d imksawn, staqrn ɣ ṣavana n idɣarn nna. Tadlsa nnsn tsfalkay aylliɣ ibda waman ar t ittiliḥ bɛd 500 q.ɛ s ssbab n isnfal n unzwi. Idɣarn lli illan ɣ taman yill n Lmɣrib ɣ umzwaru n uzmz anaẓran amaynu tkka-tt-inn tmunn ddu yat tdlsa n lfxxar d tadlsa n idɣarn n yill agrakal. Tɣuriwin n tarkyulujit mlan masd ttadjin n tfunasin d tkrrazt s sin-itsn kkan-tt-inn ɣ uzmz ann. Ɣ uzmz n iɣir, tadlsa tajirsit tlkm ɣ-akud-ann s ugafa n Lmɣrib.
Azmz azayku
Tuckit n ifiniqin s iftasn imurwakucin yiwi s tsutin n unbaḍ n imẓẓin ɣ yiẓẓlmḍ n Lmɣrib. Isbbabn ifiniqin iflayn tamnaḍt nɣd tasga n tagut ɣ yill umlil agrakal dat n tasut tiss tamt dat n tlalit n Ɛisa d dffir nns s imikk ṣkan tisgiyin n tisnt ɣ yiftasn d isaffn n Lmɣrib. D gr timntawin mqqurnin izwarn n ifiniqin tlla ɣ Cala, Liksus, d Mugadur.
Tucka-d tɣrma taqṛṭajit dat n tasut tiss smmust dat n tlalit n Ɛisa d tsmuzza n tkiriḍt nns ɣ iẓẓlmḍ n tafṛiqt. Qṛṭaj trna tazdiwin n tsbbabt nns d tqqbilin timaziɣin, d ar asn takka aqqaṛiḍ ku asggʷas afadd ad tḥḍu amyawas nnsn ɣ tsarwa n tngiwin timzwura.
Zzɣ tasut tiss kṛaḍt dat n tlalit n Ɛisa, tkkatt inn Muṛitanya tga tagldit taqqbilit tamaziɣt ɣ ugʷmmaḍ agrakal n Lmɣrib, agllid i kullu iqqbuṛn ittussann mas inbḍ tagldit ad igat Baga, lli ynbḍn ɣ tasut tiss kṛaḍt dat n tlalit n Ɛisa d dffir nns yucka d Bukus amzwaru i ynbḍn gr 100 d 80 dat n tlalit, igldan imaziɣn ur ar yadlli bahra kkṛḍn iftasn, taɣawsa lli yssrxan akccum n iṛumin, ɣ-akud-ann aɣulnt kra n tsgiwin ɣ Muṛiṭanya tga tamsddurruyt taṛumit ɣ 33 dat n tlalit, d taɣul dffir nns kullut ɣ usggʷas n 40 dffir n tlalit lliɣ inɣa umnukad Kaligula agllid Amuri Baṭelimus.
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Unuɣ n takuct Diyana ɣ Walili, Ṛuma tkkṛḍ ikaliwn n Muritanya, i yadlli ur bahra ittuswttan, s imsasatn d tmyaqqanin d tqqbilin tiẓuṛanin d ɣ udɣar ad ig azzaɣ asrdasan, d tsiriw tissas nns ɣar f tsgiwin iɣ a yadlli tlummaẓ gis, d iɣ ur a bahra tsɣawsa kigan n isrdasn afadd attn t tḥḍu .
Tamnaḍt ad taɣul tga agzzum ɣ tamnukda n Ṛuma d yaɣul wassaɣ nns igat Muṛitanya Taṭnjit d tga tɣrmt n Ṭanjis nɣ Ṭanja amnru nns. ɣ tizi lliɣ inbḍ amnkad aṛumani Agsṭus, inbbaḍn n Muritanya taṭnjit lli yadlli inbḍn tasgiwin n yiffus n Vulubilis nɣ Walili. Kra n inmzrayn ar ttinin mas tlm tamnukda taṛumanit ar Anfa (Ɣila tga Tigmmi tumlilt s yism).
Ɣ usggʷas n 285 tffuɣ tamnukda taṛumanit ɣ Lmɣrib d uckan-d iwindaln igan tiqqbilin zzɣ tamazirt n ijiṛmanin, d ḍaṛat nnsn Iquṭin d Ibiẓanṭin. Ɣ tizi yad kkantt inn middn ɣ idrarn ur tn isdurri awd yan, is tn yadlli nbḍn inbbaḍn d imɣarn zzɣ gisn. Ackn-d ilmma wid iskarn tiɣri i tamasiḥt s Lmɣrib ɣ tasut tiss snat, d kra n middn izdɣn ɣ iḍuṛan ad d ismgan d kra n imkrazn kcmn s usgd ad amaynu lli tn id ilkmn.
Azmz anammas
Azzaɣ amuslm n tsga n Lmɣrib amuzzur, issntin ɣ tuẓẓmt n tasut tiss sat n tlalit, d imurs g ussnti n tasut tiss tamt. Azzaɣ ad yiwi d Lislam d tutlayt tasrɣint s Lmɣrib. Dffir nns yiwrri Lmɣrib iga agzzum g uwank amawi g tfṛiqt, d isnbaḍn n ku tasgiwin ar ttustan zzɣ dar asnbaḍ imqquṛn g Lqirawan s tqbilin timaziɣin lli ikcmn lislam,macc awxxa ɣikan ɣaman f uslgn nnsn iqqbuṛn, d fkan argay I wawank amuslm amaynu. Uckan d kra n tqbilin tisrɣinin s Lmɣrib zdɣn gis d skrn tigldanin nnsn, zund Ṣalḥ Bn Mnṣuṛ lli iṣkan tagldit n Nkkur d ifsr Lislam gr imzdaɣn n tgldit nns, tugtt n tikkal dffir lliɣ ar ttilin kigan n imnɣan.
G 750 tel, tiqqbilin timaziɣin nkrn mgal n tgllit tamawit. Tagrawla tssnta g dar tiqqbilin illan g tagut n Lmɣrib d tfsr dɣya g tmnaḍt kullu. Waxxa tagrawla tdrus d s 742 tel, urta tlkm Lqiṛawan, d ur sul ẓḍaṛn dffir nns isnbaḍn imawin nɣd ignsas nnsn iεbbasin ad siwrrin anbaḍ nnsn f tagut n tfṛiqt. Lmɣrib g tizi yad iffuɣ afus n yimawin macc yiwrri ibḍa f kigan n tglda timaziɣin mẓẓinin zund: Ibuṛɣwaṭin, Sijilmassa, Nkkur, d rnu fllasn Tilmsan, d Tahrt i yllan ɣilad g Dzayr g usggʷas n 789 tel, ittugma wawank aydrisi inbḍn Lmɣrib f g ufus n Idris iwis n Ɛbdllah, i yadlli irwln zzɣ yat tmdayt g usggʷas n 786 tel, d ifta s tɣrmt n Walili d tbrrkt taqqbilt n Uṛaba tamaziɣt, dffir nns issnta inmuzun nns ar kiɣ ilkm awank n Tamsna, Fizaz, d Tlmsan. Ar kiɣ t inɣa Haṛun Ṛṛacid s ustci, ilmma yumẓ iwis Idris wiss sin anbaḍ dffir nns lliɣ dars 12 usggʷas. Afrux ad igad argaz d issmɣur anbaḍ nns ar kiɣ yumẓ Lmɣrib kullut, d iṣka tiɣrmt n Fas.
Lliɣ iḍṛ unbaḍ Aydrisi, d zzɣ usggʷas 1060, ssntan t tidfrin timaziɣin ar ttnbaḍn Lmɣrib, Awank amzwaru gitsn iga t uwank n Imṛabṭn zzɣ tqqbilt n ilmtunn lli iḍfuṛn i tqqbilt imqquṛn n yiẓnagn. Awank n Yimṛabṭn tmurs g ad tsmun tamazirt n Umurnwakuc. Dffir n Yimṛabṭn uckan d kigan n tglda tiyyaḍ zund Imwwuḥḥidin, Imarinin, Iwṭṭasn, d Isεdin yat tḍfuṛ tayyaḍ d kraygat yat ar tskar amnru nns g iɣrman imqqurn g Lmɣrib ɣ akud ann. Tiɣrmin ad ar ttussanent ɣilad s tiɣrmun n tamnukda tamurwakucit. D ḍaṛat n tasut tiss 11 tel, buɣlan t teglda yad d urrint gan t idwasn imqquṛn g tagut n Tafṛiqt s usrag n tmnaḍin mqqurnin lli yadlli nbḍn gis d awr nttu ula Landalus. Lliɣ tḍr Landalus rurn kigan n imuslmn d udayn s Lmɣrib f yimnɣi lli ssnkrn t tgldanin timasiḥin, lli ittusann ɣilad s yimnɣan n usuwrruy.
Azmz amaynu
G umzruy amaynu ɣaman Isεdin g unbḍ ar usggʷas n 1659. dffir nns tnunnt tdfrt n Iεalawin i yadlli inbḍn tagldit n Tfilalt zzɣ 1635. tadfrt ad tules tsmun Lmɣrib g usggʷas n 1666. G usggʷas n 1684 yurrid Mulay Smaεil iwis n Ccrif s Ṭanja zzɣ Ingliz d issnta ar ismun tiɣrmin n Lmɣrib g yan wawank imunn, mqqar ugint kra n teqqbilin addiss munnt, ikkattinn Lmɣrib ad igan awank amzwaru issikzn s tsimant n Mirikan g ussnti n tgrawla tamirikanit g usggʷas n 1787. Ukan kkan tt inn tinawin timirikanin ittkkan illan n Lmɣrib ar fllasn ttakʷayn imritln imaziɣn, dffir nns iɣtes ugllid Muḥmmad wiss kṛaḍ masd ku tinawin timirikanin rad magẓnt zzɣ tukyiwin n imritln g tetgart n tiddukla ittuskrn g usggʷas n 1777. d tatgart ad tga ɣilad zzɣ titgarin tiqqbuṛin itskr Mirikan, d i sul isuln ar ɣass ad.
Zzɣ tazwiri n tasut tiss 18 ibidd Lmɣrib mnid yat tgrawla imqqurn ittuzdan d tgrawla tamgurant tussnta g Uṛupa, d yurm Lmxzn ad iskr kigan n isuɣdn afad ad imun d usrus amaynu I'll an g mnid nns, d gr isuɣdn ad:
- Issnta Lmɣrib ar issifiḍ imuzar xf islulla d ikrḍ fllasn Lmxzn ad sskṛẓn tiḍaf afad ad ur tɣama tikki d temxxart, d tssgdl asnsr n iqqaṛiḍn n tmizar n bṛṛa.
- Iṣka wawank yat tinml tamaynut g Sela afad ad gis ttuɣran timassanin timaynutin n uzmz ann, d ar takka taggazt i yinlmadn, d tṣṣifḍ ismmigln s bṛṛa.
- Zzɣ ismmigln i yeṣṣifḍ uwank, kra n inlmadn skrn asmuttg dar udfrir n Urupa n tagut, d isɣa d ɣ akudan Lmxzn ilafn imaynutn d iṣka yan usakʷn n walaf g tɣrmt n Fas.
Taɣrma tamuslmt g Lmɣṛib
L-umawiyyin
Ibda lḥukm n L-umawiyyin g Lmɣṛib g wammas n tusut tiss VI, itmma g tgrawla n Imaziɣen asggas n 740 n lmilad. L-umawiyyin ḥkamnd Lmɣṛib seg Taqqiṛwant g Tuns.
Buṛɣwaṭa
Tagldit tamuslmt tamzwarut g Lmɣṛib da-ybḍan f L-umawiyyin n lqqblt. Tyubna Buṛɣwaṭa ddaw ufus n Mayṣara Amḍɣṛi. Tumẓ Buṛɣwaṭa tamazirt n tamsna, ger Calla ar Asfi. Tbda Buṛɣwaṭa g usggas n 744 n lmilad, tmma g usggas n 1058 n lmilad f ufus n Lmuwaḥḥidin.
Ayt nkkuṛ
Tlla taglditat g Tamsaman g Arrif, g usggas n 744 n lmilad. Tuybna tagldit n Ayt nkkuṛ f ufus n Ṣalḥ ibnu Manṣuṛ. Tyusmma tagldit n Ayt nkkuṛ f wasif n Nkkuṛ da-yllan g Arrif ger idraren n Arrif.
Ayt mdrar
Ayt mdrar nɣ ayt wasul gan yat tagldit ityubnan g Lmɣṛib g usggas n 757 ar 976 n lmilad. Taglditad tlla g tmazirt n Usammar, tamanaɣt nsen tgat Sijilmassa. Asmɣuṛ n Ayt mdrar igat Abu lqasim smgu.
Ayt umɣaṛ
Ger iseggasen n 1001 ar 1039 n lmilad ẓḍaren ait umɣaṛ ad-gan iwtta i tamurt n ait umɣaṛ g Lmɣṛib, baɛd-ma dɣlbn Bani-yfren. Tamanaɣt nsen tgat Fas. Tamurt n Ayt mdrar tyubna f ufus n ẓiṛṛi ibn ɛaṭiyya.
Isemlalen
Ayt ida-usmlal skrn tamurt nsen g tamnaṭṭ n Sus, g usggas n 1659 n lmilad. Tamanaɣt n Isemlalentgat iliɣ. Tamurt n Isemlalen tyubna f ufus n abu ḥassun assmlali.
L-adarissa
Tyubna tagldit n L-adarissa g usggas n 744 n lmilad, f ufus n Idris amzwaru, g tiɣṛmt n Walili. Tamanaɣt nsen tgat Fas. Idris amzwaru tbayɛt taqbilt n Awraba.
Imṛabṭn
F ufus n Ɛabdullah ibnu yasin iband umussu n Lmuṛabitin g zzawit n sidi Waǧǧag g tmnadṭ n Tiznit. Tyubna tagldit n imṛabṭn g usggas n 1069 n lmilad. Tamanaɣt nsen tgat Meṛṛakec.
Imwaḥdin
F ufus n Lmahdi ibn tummrt umussu n imwaḥdin g tinmel g Laṭlaṣ amqqṛan tmnadṭ n Meṛṛakec.
Tyubna tagldit n imwaḥdin g usggas n 1147 n lmilad.
Tamanaɣt nsen tgat Meṛṛakec.
Tagldit n imwaḥdin tga tagldit kullu ymqquṛn seg tglday d-yekkan Lmɣṛib.
Lmariniyyin
1269 n lmilad ad tbayn tagldit n Lmariniyyin, gan Lmariniyyin seg taqqbilt n Znata tamaziɣt.
Lwaṭṭaṣiyyin
Ger 1471 d 1554 n lmilad, Lmɣṛib ḥkamnt Lwaṭṭaṣiyyin.
Lwaṭṭaṣiyyin llan g tanbaḍt n Lmariniyyin.
Ssaɛdiyyin
Seg usggas n 1525 n lmilad tbda tagldit n Ssaɛdiyyin seg tamnaḍt n Darɛa.
L-ɛalawiyyin
Bdant L-ɛalawiyyin seg Tafilalt g usggas n 1631 n lmilad f ufus n mulay ɛli crif.
Ar ḥkamn Lmɣrib ɣilad, wrridn iglidn awar tsimant, lligh iwrrid Mohammed V zɣ uḍlib ns.
Asdurri/Listiɛmar n ait Europa g Lmɣṛib
Fṛanṣa
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Spanya
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L-bṛṭqqiẓ
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Azmz n Moḥmmad VI
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Ẓṛ uggar
Isaɣuln
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