Chiyowoyelo Cha Chishona
Chiyowoyelo cha ChiShona (/ˈʃoʊnə/; Shona: chiShona) ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu cha ŵanthu ŵa Shona ku Zimbabwe.
Lizgu ili likugwiliskirika ntchito pakulongosora mitundu yose ya Shonic (yakusazgapo Zezuru, Manyika, Korekore na Karanga) panji Standard Shona, mtundu uwo ukalembeka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Para tingati chiyowoyero ichi chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 14,000,000.
| ChiShona | |
|---|---|
| chiShona | |
| Native to | Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana |
Native speakers | 6.5 million, Shona proper (2000 to 2007) 5.50 million Zezuru, Karanga, Chimanyika, Korekore (2000) 5.8 million incl. Manyika, (2000–2006) |
Language family | Niger–Congo?
|
| Dialects |
|
Writing system | Latin script (Shona alphabet) Arabic script (formerly) Shona Braille |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Zimbabwe |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | sn |
| ISO 639-2 | sna |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:sna – Zezuru, Karanga, Korekoretwl – Tavara (Korekore)mxc – Manyikatwx – Tewe (Manyika) |
| Glottolog | core1255 Core Shonatawa1270 Tawara |
Guthrie code | S.7–10 |
| Linguasphere | 99-AUT-a = |
| Person | MuShona |
|---|---|
| People | VaShona |
| Language | chiShona |
| Country | Mashonaland |
Gulu likuru la viyowoyero ivyo vikukolerana na mbiri ya ŵanthu (ivyo ŵanthu ŵakusanda viyowoyero ŵakuvichema kuti Shona panji Shonic) likusazgapo Ndau (Eastern Shona) na Kalanga (Western Shona). Mu chigaŵa cha Guthrie cha viyowoyero vya Bantu, chigaŵa cha S.10 chikung'anamura gulu la viyowoyero vya Shonic.
Viyowoyero ivyo vikukolerana na ChiShona
ChiShona chikukolerana na Ndau, Karanga ndipo wakukolerana na Tonga, Chewa, Tumbuka, Tsonga na Venda.
Malango
ChiShona ni chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakulemba na kulemba makora. Mu ma 1920, boma la Rhodesia likakumana na suzgo la kunozga mabuku gha masukulu na vinthu vinyake mu viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mu mabuku gha viyowoyero viŵiri.
Buku lakwamba mu Cishona, la Solomon Mutswairo la Feso, likafuma mu 1957. Kufuma apo, mabuku ghanandi gha nkhani zicoko na mabuku gha sumu gha mu Cishona ghafuma. Ŵanthu ŵakusambira ciyowoyero ca Cishona mu masukulu, kweni para ŵamara waka kilasi lakwamba, ŵakusambira viyowoyero vinyake padera pa ciyowoyero ca Cishona.
Mitundu
Kafukufuku waumaliro wakulongosora mitundu na vigaŵa vya chiyowoyero cha ku Central Shona wakachitika na Clement Doke mu 1930, ntheura vigaŵa vinandi vya chiyowoyero ichi vikugwira ntchito yayi ndipo tikwenera kuŵa maso.
Mwakuyana na ivyo Ethnologue wakayowoya:
- S14 Karanga (Chikaranga). Chikuyowoyeka kumwera kwa Zimbabwe, kufupi na Masvingo. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mu chigaŵa cha Midlands, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Mberengwa na Zvishavane. Viyowoyero vinyake: Duma, Jena, Mhari (Mari), Ngova, Venda, Govera.
- S12 Zezuru (Chizezuru, Bazezuru, Bazuzura, Mazizuru, Vazezuru, Wazezuru). Chikuyowoyeka ku Mashonaland kumafumiro gha dazi na pakati pa Zimbabwe, kufupi na Harare. Chiyowoyero icho ŵakuyowoya. Viyowoyero vinyake: Shawasha, Gova, Mbire, Tsunga, Kachikwakwa, Harava, Nohwe, Njanja, Nobvu, Kwazvimba (Zimbabwe).
- S11 Korekore (Northern Shona, Goba, Gova, Shangwe). Chiyowoyero ichi chikuyowoyeka kumpoto kwa Zimbabwe, Mvurwi, Bindura, Mt Darwin, Guruve, Chiweshe, Centenary. Viyowoyero vinyake: Gova, Tande, Tavara, Nyongwe, Pfunde, Shan Gwe.
Viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona, ni S15 Ndau, icho chikuyowoyeka ku Mozambique na Zimbabwe, na S13 Manyika, icho chikuyowoyeka kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, kufupi na Mutare. Ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za pulayimale ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Ndau.
Maho (2009) wakuwona kuti viyowoyero vya Korekore, Zezuru, Manyika, Karanga, na Ndau ni viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana mu gulu la viyowoyero vya Shona, ndipo Kalanga ndiyo yikupambana chomene.
Malembo gha vilembo
Malembo ghose gha mu Chishona ghakumalira pa vowel. Vilembo vyakulondezgana vikuŵa mu syllable yakulondezgapo. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti mangwanani ("mulenji") likulembeka kuti ma.ngwa.na.ni; "Zimbabwe" ni zi.mba.bwe. Chiyowoyero cha Chishona chikulembeka mwakuyana na mazgu agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. ChiShona chili na mazgu ghaŵiri, ghapachanya na ghapasi, kweni mazgu agha ghakusangika yayi mu kalembero ka ŵanthu.
Ma vawelo
Vilembo vinkhondi vya Shona vikuyowoyeka nga umo vikuyowoyekera mu Cisipanishi: Para munthu wakuyowoya lizgu limoza, wakuyowoya lizgu linyake. Mwaciyelezgero, Unoenda kupi? ("Kasi mukuluta nkhu?") likuzunulika [u.no.e.nda.ku.pi].
Kachemelo
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | whistled | |||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||||
| breathy | b̤ | d̤ | ɡ̤ | |||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | p͡f | t͡s | t͡sᶲ | t͡ʃ | |||
| breathy | b͡v̤ | d͡z̤ | d͡z̤ᵝ | d͡ʒ̤ | ||||
| prenasalized | ⁿd͡ʒ̤ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | sᶲ | ʃ | |||
| breathy | v̤ | z̤ | z̤ᵝ | ʒ̤ | ɦ | |||
| prenasalized | ⁿz̤ | ⁿz̤ᵝ | ||||||
| Nasal | plain | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| breathy | m̤ | mʋ̤ | n̤ | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | j | w | |||||
Kuyowoya mwalukhwelu
ChiShona na viyowoyero vinyake vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa vikusazgapo kupulika kulira kwa mbata. Mu ChiShona, mazgu agho ghakuchemeka sibilant ni "sv" na "zv" kweniso "tsv" na "dzv".
| Sound | example | translation | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| sv | masvosvobwa | "shooting stars" | "sv" can be represented by S͎, from the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet |
| masvosve | "ants" | ||
| tsv | tsvaira | "sweep" | (Standard Shona) |
| svw | masvavembasvwi | "schemer" | (Shangwe, Korekore dialect) |
| zv | zvizvuvhutswa | "gold nuggets" | (Tsunga, Zezuru dialect) |
| dzv | akadzva | "he/she was unsuccessful" | |
| zvw | huzvweverere | "emotions" | (Gova, Korekore dialect) |
| nzv | nzvenga | "to dodge" | (Standard Shona) |
| zvc | muzvcazi | "the Milky Way" | Dental clicks. Only found in Ngova, Karanga dialect. |
| svc | chisvcamba | "tortoise" |
Mu 2006, ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na ŵapharazgi ŵakamba kudandawura chomene chifukwa cha mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na umo munthu wangayowoyera zina la Morgan Tsvangirai, mulongozgi wa gulu la Movement for Democratic Change. Wupu wa BBC ukayowoya kuti "chang-girr-ayi" /ˈtʃæŋɡɪreɪi/.[page needed]
Malemba ghapadela
- ' - Para mazgu gha Chingelezi ghakuti ' ghalembeka kufuma ku lizgu lakuti "-ng", mazgu agha ghakuŵa nga ni "n". Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti "n'anga" likung'anamura wakucizga.
Alphabet
- A - a - [a]
- B - ba - [ɓ]
- Bh - bha - [b̤]
- Ch - cha - [t͡ʃ]
- D - da - [ɗ]
- Dh - dha - [d̤]
- E - e - [e]
- F - fa - [f]
- G - ga - [ɡ̤]
- H - ha - [ɦ]
- I - i - [i]
- J - ja - [d͡ʒ̤]
- K - ka - [k]
- M - ma - [m]
- N - na - [n]
- Nh - nha - [n̤]
- O - o - [o]
- P - pa - [p]
- R - ra - [r]
- S - sa - [s]
- Sh - sha - [ʃ]
- T - ta - [t]
- U - u - [u]
- V - va - [ʋ]
- Vh - vha - [v̤]
- W - wa - [w]
- Y - ya - [j]
- Z - za - [z̤]
- Zh - zha - [ʒ̤]
Letter combinations
- bv - [b͡v̤]
- dz - [d͡z̤]
- dzv - [d͡z̤ᵝ]
- dy - [d̤ʲg]
- mb - [ᵐb]
- mbw - [ᵐb]
- mh - [m̤]
- mv - [mʋ̤]
- nd - [ⁿd]
- ng - [ŋ]
- nj - [ⁿd͡ʒ̤]
- ny - [ɲ]
- nz - [ⁿz̤]
- nzv -[ⁿz̤ᵝ]
- pf - [p͡f]
- sv - [sᶲ]
- sw - [skw]
- ts - [t͡s]
- tsv - [t͡sᶲ]
- ty - [tʲk]
- zv - [z̤ᵝ]
Old alphabet
From 1931 to 1955, Unified Shona was written with an alphabet developed by linguist Professor Clement Martyn Doke. This included these letters:
- ɓ (b with hook),
- ɗ (d with hook),
- ŋ (n with leg),
- ȿ (s with swash tail),
- ʋ (v with hook),
- ɀ (z with swash tail).
In 1955, these were replaced by letters or digraphs from the basic Latin alphabet. For example, today ⟨sv⟩ is used for ⟨ȿ⟩ and ⟨zv⟩ is used for ⟨ɀ⟩.
Grammar
Noun classes (mupanda)
Shona nouns are grouped by noun class (mupanda) based on:
- Meanings (Zvaanoreva) e.g. words found in class 1 and 2 describe a person: munhu ("person") is in mupanda 1 and vasikana ("girl") is in mupanda 2.
- Prefix (Chivakashure) e.g. words in class 1 have prefix mu-, class 8 zvi-, class 10 dzi-, class 11 ru-, etc. Empty prefix units refer to words that do not require a prefix
- Singular and plural forms (Uwandu neushoma) e.g. words found in class 8 are plurals of class 7: zvikoro ("schools") in class 8 is the plural form of chikoro ("school") in class 7.
- Agreement (Sungawirirano) e.g. words in class 5 have accordance of the marker -ri- with pronouns and modifiers: garwe iri ("this crocodile"), dombo iri ("this stone"), gudo iri ("this baboon"); 'iri' means 'this'.
| Noun class | Muenzaniso weIzwi("word example") | Word construction Prefix+body=word | English translation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prefix | Body | ||||
| 1 | mu | mukomana | mu- | -komana | "boy" |
| 1a | – | baba | -baba | "father" | |
| 2 | va | vakomana | va- | -komana | "boys" |
| 2a | va | vasahwira | va- | -sahwira | "best friend" |
| 2a | vana | vanatezvara | vana- | -tezvara | "father-in-law" |
| 2b | a | atete | a- | -tete | "aunt" |
| 3 | mu | muti | mu- | -ti | "tree" |
| 4 | mi | miti | mi- | -ti | "trees" |
| 5 | ri | rize | ri- | -ze | "scorpion" |
| 6 | ma | marize | ma- | -ze | "scorpions" |
| 7 | chi | chingwa | chi- | -ngwa | "bread" |
| 8 | zvi | zvingwa | zvi- | -ngwa | "bread" |
| 9 | i | imba | i- | -mba | "house" |
| 10 | dzi | dzimba | dzi- | -mba | "houses" |
| 11 | ru | rwizi | ru- | -izi | "river" |
| 12 | ka | kambwa | ka- | -mbwa | "that little dog" |
| 13 | tu | tumbwa | tu- | -mbwa | "those little dogs" |
| 14 | u | upfu | u- | -pfu | "mealie meal" |
| 15 | ku | kuenda | ku- | -enda | "going" |
| 16 | pa | pamba | pa- | -mba | "home" |
| 17 | ku | kumusha | ku- | -musha | "rural home" |
| 17a | – | zasi | -zasi | "below" | |
| 18 | mu | mumunda | mu- | -munda | "in the farm" |
| 19 | svi | svimbudzi | svi- | -mbudzi | "goat" |
| 21 | zi | zigomana | zi- | -gomana | "big boy" |
Wonaniso
Ukaboni
Mabuku
- Biehler, E. (1950) A Shona dictionary with an outline Shona grammar (revised edition). The Jesuit Fathers.
- Brauner, Sigmund (1995) A grammatical sketch of Shona : including historical notes. Köln: Rüdiger Koppe.
- Carter, Hazel (1986) Kuverenga Chishóna: an introductory Shona reader with grammatical sketch (2nd edition). London: SOAS.
- Doke, Clement M. (1931) Report on the unification of the Shona dialects. Stephen Austin Sons.
- Fortune, George (1985). Shona Grammatical Constructions Vol 1. Mercury Press.
- Mutasa, David (1996) The problems of standardizing spoken dialects: the Shona experience, Language Matters, 27, 79
- Lafon, Michel (1995), Le shona et les shonas du Zimbabwe, Harmattan éd., Paris (in French)
- D. Dale:
- Basic English – Shona dictionary, Afro Asiatic Languages Edition, Sept 5, 2000, ISBN 978-0869220146
- Duramazwi: A Shona - English Dictionary, Afro Asiatic Languages Edition, Sept 5, 2000, ISBN 978-0869220146
Vigaŵa vya kuwalo
- "The History of the Shona People".
- Pan African Localization report on Shona
- Example of Shona, Lyrikline.org page on poet Chirikure Chirikure, with audio and translations into English.
- Basic Shona language course (book + audio files) USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)
- Biblical study material in Shona language (publications, video and audio files, online bible) by Jehovah's Witnesses
- Shona Dictionary Shona Dictionary
- Mipanda Yemazita Table of Noun Classes
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