U.s. State And Local Government Responses To The Covid-19 Pandemic
State, territorial, tribal, and local governments responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States with various declarations of emergency, closure of schools and public meeting places, lockdowns, and other restrictions intended to slow the progression of the virus.
This article needs to be updated. (June 2020) |
Multiple groups of states formed compacts in an attempt to coordinate some of their responses. On the West coast: California, Oregon, and Washington state; in the Northeast: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island; and in the Midwest: Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky.
There was a link between public health outcomes and partisanship between states. At the beginning of the pandemic to early June 2020, Democratic-led states had higher case rates than Republican-led states, while in the second half of 2020, Republican-led states saw higher case and death rates than states led by Democrats. As of mid-2021, states with tougher policies generally had fewer COVID cases and deaths. Thousands of US counties also initiated their own policy responses to the pandemic, resulting in significant variability even within states.
State-level regulations
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. The reason given is: Many emergency declarations have been lifted or expired, as have many stay-at-home and mask orders.. (July 2021) |
Initial pandemic responses, including full lockdowns
This is a list of regulations that were imposed at the state level, restricting activities and closing facilities as a result of the pandemic. Many counties and municipal jurisdictions have imposed more stringent regulations. A Columbia University model estimated 54,000 deaths would have been prevented if states had enacted restrictions starting a few weeks earlier, on March 1.
| State/territory | State of emergency declared | Stay at home ordered | Stay at home order lifted | Face coverings required in public | Gatherings banned | Out-of-state travel restrictions | Closures ordered | Sources | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schools | Daycares | Bars & sit-down restaurants | Non-essential retail | |||||||||
 Alabama | March 13 | April 4 | April 30 | No | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Alaska | March 11 | March 28 | April 21 | No | 10 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 American Samoa | January 29 | No | N/a | No | 10 or more | Travel suspended | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | No | No | ||
 Arizona | March 11 | March 31 | May 15 | No | 50 or more | Limited quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Arkansas | March 11 | No | N/a | Yes | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Regional | ||
 California (government response) | March 4 | March 19 | No | Yes | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Colorado | March 10 | March 26 | May 8 | Yes | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Restricted | Yes | Yes | ||
 Connecticut | March 10 | March 23 | May 20 | Yes | All | Recommended quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Delaware | March 12 | March 24 | May 15 | Yes | All | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 District of Columbia | March 11 | March 30 | May 29 | Yes | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Florida | March 1 | April 3 | April 30 | No | 10 or more | Limited quarantine / Screened | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Georgia | March 14 | April 3 | April 30 | No | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | No | Yes | Yes | ||
 Guam | March 14 | No | N/a | No | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Hawaii | March 4 | March 25 | May 31 | Yes | 11 or more, and public gathering in public places | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Idaho | March 13 | March 25 | April 30 | No | All | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Restricted | ||
 Illinois | March 9 | March 21 | May 30 | Yes | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Indiana | March 6 | March 25 | May 1 | Yes | All outside, and 11 or more inside a household | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Iowa | March 9 | No | N/a | No | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Kansas | March 9 | March 30 | May 3 | Yes | 10 or more | Limited quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | No | Yes | Yes | ||
 Kentucky | March 6 | March 26 (advisory) | No (advisory) | Yes | 10 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Louisiana | March 11 | March 23 | May 14 | Yes | 11 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Maine | March 15 | April 2 | May 31 | Yes | 10 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Restricted | ||
 Maryland | March 5 | March 30 | May 15 | Yes | 10 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Massachusetts | March 10 | March 24 (advisory) | May 18 (advisory) | Yes | 11 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Michigan | March 11 | March 24 | June 5 | Yes | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Minnesota | March 13 | March 27 | May 4 | Yes | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Mississippi | March 4 | April 3 | May 11 | No | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | No | Yes | Yes | ||
 Missouri | March 13 | April 6 | May 3 | No | 10 or more | Regional | Yes (remainder of term) | No | Yes | Yes | ||
 Montana | March 12 | March 28 | April 24 | No | 10 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (districts' choice) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Nebraska | March 13 | No | N/a | No | 10 or more | Limited quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Restricted | Restricted | No | ||
 Nevada | March 12 | April 1 | May 15 | Yes | 10 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 New Hampshire | March 13 | March 27 | June 15 | No | 50 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 New Jersey | March 9 | March 21 | No | Yes | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 New Mexico | March 11 | March 24 | May 15 | Yes | 6 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 New York (government response) | March 7 | March 22 | May 15 | Yes | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 North Carolina | March 10 | March 30 | May 8 | Yes | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 North Dakota | March 13 | No | N/a | No | 50 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 N. Mariana Islands | January 29 | No | N/a | No | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | No | No | ||
 Ohio | March 9 | March 23 | May 30 | Yes | 11 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Restricted | Yes | Yes | ||
 Oklahoma | March 15 | April 2 (partial advisory) | N/a | No | 11 or more | Limited quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Oregon | March 8 | March 23 | No | Yes | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Restricted | ||
 Pennsylvania | March 6 | April 1 | May 8 | No | 10 or more (recommended) | Limited quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Puerto Rico | March 12 | March 15 | May 3 | No | All | Screened | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Rhode Island | March 9 | March 28 | May 8 | Yes | 25 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 South Carolina | March 13 | April 7 | May 12 | No | 50 or more | Limited quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 South Dakota | March 13 | Regional | N/a | No | 50 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | No | No | ||
 Tennessee | March 12 | April 2 | April 30 | Varies by county | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Texas (government response) | March 13 | April 2 | April 30 | Yes | 10 or more | Limited quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Utah | March 6 | Regional | N/a | Yes | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Regional | ||
 U.S. Virgin Islands | March 13 | March 25 | No | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
 Vermont | March 16 | March 25 | May 15 | No | 10 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Virginia | March 12 | March 30 | June 10 | Yes | 10 or more | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Restricted | ||
 Washington | February 29 | March 23 | May 4 | Yes | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 West Virginia | March 4 | March 23 | May 4 | Yes | All | No | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
 Wisconsin | March 12 | March 25 (declared unconstitutional on May 13) | May 26 (declared unconstitutional on May 13) | Yes | All | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Restricted | Yes | Yes | ||
 Wyoming | March 12 | Regional | N/a | No | 10 or more | Mandatory quarantine | Yes (remainder of term) | Yes | Yes | No | ||
In Michigan, Puerto Rico, Texas, and Vermont, retailers who sold a mix of essential and non-essential items were only allowed to sell essential items.
| State | Date enacted | Date lifted |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | April 4, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
| Colorado | March 26, 2020 | April 26, 2020 |
| Florida | April 3, 2020 | May 4, 2020 |
| Georgia | April 3, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
| Idaho | March 25, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
| Illinois | March 21, 2020 | May 30, 2020 |
| Indiana | March 25, 2020 | May 1, 2020 |
| Kansas | March 30, 2020 | May 4, 2020 |
| Louisiana | March 30, 2020 | May 15, 2020 |
| Maine | April 2, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
| Maryland | March 30, 2020 | May 15, 2020 |
| Massachusetts | March 24, 2020 | May 18, 2020 |
| Michigan | March 24, 2020 | June 2, 2020 |
| Minnesota | March 27, 2020 | May 18, 2020 |
| Mississippi | April 3, 2020 | April 27, 2020 |
| Missouri | April 6, 2020 | May 3, 2020 |
| Montana | March 28, 2020 | April 26, 2020 |
| New Hampshire | March 27, 2020 | June 11, 2020 |
| New Jersey | March 21, 2020 | June 9, 2020 |
| South Carolina | April 7, 2020 | May 4, 2020 |
| Tennessee | March 31, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
| Texas | April 2, 2020 | April 30, 2020 |
| West Virginia | March 23, 2020 | May 4, 2020 |
| Wisconsin | March 25, 2020 | May 13, 2020 |
Fully reopening for states that chose to shut down
September 2020
Florida nearly fully reopened on September 25, 2020. All businesses were allowed to reopen at 100% except bars which were allowed to be restricted to 50% capacity by local governments. The governor, after initially leaving mask mandates up to local governments, overrode all local mandates and announced that no Florida government could fine someone for failing to social distance or wear a mask.
February 2021
On February 5, Iowa announced that all mandates would be repealed by February 8. This caught some by surprise since Iowa was struggling (compared to other states) to distribute coronavirus vaccines in early February.
On February 26, Arkansas fully repealed all mandates except for a mask mandate, which the governor said would likely be repealed at the end of March. Arkansas continues to make recommendations.
March 2021
Mississippi announced on March 2, 2021, that it would fully reopen on March 3. The state would continue to make recommendations, but would repeal all mandates. Texas also announced on March 2 that it would be fully reopened on March 10, 2021, with no mask requirements; the state would continue to issue recommendations.
Wyoming announced on March 8, 2021, that it will fully reopen March 16. That reopening would include ending its mask mandate. Additionally, by March 11, 2021, Connecticut and West Virginia had fully reopened except for mask mandates, and Arizona had fully reopened except for mask and social distancing mandates.
Indian Reservations
On March 19, the Wiyot Tribe issued a shelter-in-place order on the Table Bluff Reservation effective March 20 to April 7.
The Navajo Nation imposed a stay-at-home order on the entire reservation, the largest reservation in the country, on March 20. The Navajo Nation reissued this order on March 24.
The Northern Cheyenne and Crow Indian reservations in Montana imposed curfews.
On March 21, the Makah Reservation in northwestern Washington State issued a shelter-in-place order. On March 22, the Lummi Nation also announced a shelter in place order after five cases in the area were confirmed, including two members of the tribe.
On March 23, the Red Lake Indian Reservation in northwestern Minnesota issued a shelter-in-place order and curfew for 30 days. The Southern Ute Indian Reservation in southwestern Colorado issued a stay-at-home advisory. On March 26, the reservation closed its borders and replaced its stay-at-home advisory with a mandatory order.
On March 23, the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes issued a joint stay-at-home directive for the Wind River Indian Reservation. The Quinault Indian Nation issued a shelter-in-place order for the Quinault Reservation until further notice.
On March 24, the Nooksack Tribe issued a shelter-in-place order effective March 24 until April 7. The Swinomish Tribe issued a stay-at-home order for the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community effective March 25 through April 6.
On March 26, the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation issued a stay-at-home order effective March 27 until further notice. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes issued a shelter-in-place order for the Flathead Indian Reservation effective March 26.
On March 27, the Crow Tribe of Montana and Northern Cheyenne Tribe issued stay-at-home orders for the Crow and Northern Cheyenne Indian reservations, respectively, effective March 28 through April 10. The Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho issued a stay-at-home order effective until further notice. The Shoshone-Bannock tribes issued a stay-at-home order for the Fort Hall Indian Reservation effective until April 17. The Coeur d'Alene Reservation issued a stay-at-home order. The Rosebud Sioux Tribe issued a shelter-in-place order for the Rosebud Indian Reservation (which is coterminous with Todd County, South Dakota).
All 22 tribes in Arizona, including the Ak-Chin Indian Community, Gila River Indian Community, Hualapai Tribe, Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community, and Tohono Oʼodham Nation, have declared states of emergency, closed facilities and casinos, and limited governmental business to essential functions, among other measures.
CARES Act and tribal nations
On March 25, Congress announced that $8 billion of the CARES Act would be allocated to help native tribes fight COVID-19. More than $600 million was redistributed to the Navajo Nation. On 22 April 2020, 10 tribal nations (including Alaska's Akiak Native Community, Asaʼcararmiut Tribe, Aleut Community of St. Paul Island, and the Navajo Nation) began procedures to sue the U.S. Treasury and Interior department secretaries over the allocation of funds to Alaska Native corporations. In May 2020, the Department of Treasury stated that the funding for Alaska Native corporations would be held back while the lawsuit awaited a decision.
See also
Further reading
- Mervosh, Sarah; Lu, Denise (March 23, 2020). "See Which States and Cities Have Told Residents to Stay at Home". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- Martineau, Paris (March 23, 2020). "What's a 'Shelter in Place' Order, and Who's Affected?". Wired News. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
References
External links
- List of state executive orders related to COVID-19 from the Council of State Governments
- As Governors Envision Reopening, Here's What Restrictions Look Like In Each State (continuously updated)
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