The tug of war in astronomy is the ratio of planetary and solar attractions on a natural satellite.
The term was coined by Isaac Asimov in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction in 1963.
According to Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation
In this equation
The two main attraction forces on a satellite are the attraction of the Sun and the satellite's primary (the planet the satellite orbits). Therefore, the two forces are
where the subscripts p and s represent the primary and the sun respectively, and m is the mass of the satellite.
The ratio of the two is
Callisto is a satellite of Jupiter. The parameters in the equation are
The ratio 163 shows that the solar attraction is much weaker than the planetary attraction.
Asimov lists tug-of-war ratio for 32 satellites (then known in 1963) of the Solar System. The list below shows one example from each planet.
Primary | Satellite | Tug-of-war ratio |
---|---|---|
Neptune | Triton | 8400 |
Uranus | Titania | 1750 |
Saturn | Titan | 380 |
Jupiter | Ganymede | 490 |
Mars | Phobos | 195 |
Earth | Moon | 0.46 |
Unlike other satellites of the solar system, the solar attraction on the Moon is more than that of its primary. According to Asimov, the Moon is a planet moving around the Sun in careful step with the Earth.
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