The Invincible Eagle

Sousa began composing the march during an evening train trip between Buffalo and New York City, sketching his ideas in a pocket notebook.

The Invincible Eagle
by John Philip Sousa
Year	1901
Genre	March
Dedication	The Pan-American Exposition
Published	1901, Cincinnati
Publisher	John Church Company
Audio sample
U.S. Army Band performing the march file help

In his 1984 book, The Works of John Philip Sousa, Paul E. Bierley shared the account of Blanche Duffield, soprano of the Sousa Band, who witnessed Sousa working on “The Invincible Eagle” during a 1901 train trip:

"It was [on] a train between Buffalo and New York. Outside the coach the lights of towns along the route flashed by like ghosts fluttering at the window panes. The night was dark and the few stars above twinkled fitfully. Mr. Sousa sat in his chair in the dimly lit Pullman. At the further end of the car a porter diligently brushed cushions. At intervals the engine whistled as if in pain.

"Suddenly and without previous warning Mr. Sousa began to describe circles in the air with a pencil, jerking back and forth in his seat meanwhile. Gradually the circumference of his pencil’s arcs diminished and Mr. Sousa drew a notebook from his pocket, still humming to himself. Notebook and pencil met. Breves and semi-breves appeared on the page’s virgin surface. Quarter notes and sixteenth notes followed in orderly array. Meanwhile Mr. Sousa furrowed his brow and from his pursed lips came a stirring air—rather a martial blare, as if hidden trombones, tubas, and saxophones were striving to gain utterance. Now Mr. Sousa’s pencil traveled faster and faster, and page after page of the notebook were turned back, each filled with martial bars. [I] looked on from over the top of a magazine and listened with enthusiasm as Mr. Sousa’s famous march, “The Invincible Eagle,” took form."

 

Originally, Sousa thought “The Invincible Eagle” would surpass “The Stars and Stripes Forever” as a patriotic composition. Sousa dedicated his march to the Pan-American Exposition, which was held in Buffalo in the summer of 1901. He wrote the march for his band's performance at the exposition, and originally considered naming it the “Spirit of Niagara." Soon after “The Invincible Eagle" premiered, Sousa remarked:

"It is what I call one of my sunshine marches. Some of my heavy marches are intended to convey the impression of the stir and strife of warfare, but The Invincible Eagle shows the military spirit at its lightest and brightest – the parade spirit ... with the bravery of uniform, the sheen of silken stands, and the gleam of polished steel."

The band of Francesco Fanciulli, who served as director of the U.S. Marine Band between 1892 and 1897, also performed at the exposition. However, "The Invincible Eagle" proved a more enduring musical work than Fanciulli's “The Electric Century."

Before adopting “Semper Supra” as its official service song in September 2022, the U.S. Space Force used an excerpt of “The Invincible Eagle” as its official anthem.

• List of marches by John Philip Sousa

• U.S. Marine Band page on the march
• Sheet music held by the Library of Congress