Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-Up

These eruptions are seen today as deposits of ignimbrite, the pyroclastic material that was laid down from these eruptions.

Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up
Wheeler Geologic Area, rocks of the San Luis Caldera complex
Volcano	Multiple cumulative events
Date	25-40 million years ago
Location	Western United States
Impact	Deposited vast swatches of ignimbrite across the western United States

There were numerous eruptions within the flare-up. The total volume includes 5x10⁵ km³ of ash flow tuff and 5x10⁶ km³ of intermediate and silicic lava. This amount is on par for some of the largest non-explosive volcanic provinces (see World's largest eruptions). For reference, the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens was about 1 km³. The largest eruption on the flare-up, and also the largest explosive eruption ever known, was the Fish Canyon tuff in southwest Colorado. Its volume alone is 5,000 km³. The three primary volcanic centers of the flare-up are the Central Nevada volcanic field of central Nevada, Indian Peak volcanic field of eastern Nevada/western Utah, and the San Juan volcanic field in Colorado.

The primary tectonic driving force behind this explosive volcanic activity is slab rollback. During the Laramide orogeny, the subducting Farallon Plate subducted at a very shallow angle. When this stopped, the mantle wedge was opened up, and the result was the flare-up. The specifics of this opening, including possible slab rollback, slab windows, or buckling of the plate, can explain specific volcanic trends within the flare-up.

• List of large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
• Slab gap hypothesis