Ludza Estonians

Most of the Ludza Estonians probably moved into the area in the 17th century before the Great Northern War, but the settlement may have originated earlier. Throughout the era of feudalism, when life was mostly confined to one's near environment, this ethnic group retained its Estonian identity and ethnographic features. Ludza Estonians were originally Lutherans, but became Catholics and had close contacts with neighbouring Latgalians and Belarusians. As long as the church ceremonies and confessions were held in Estonian, the people had little need to speak Latvian or Belarusian. Nevertheless, the local Latgalian dialect of Latvian, Belarusian, and Russian were spoken to a certain extent in the areas where those people were their neighbours. In manors, Polish was heard (in Latgale, it was the administrative language at the time).

Ludza Estonians spoke the Ludza dialect (Ludzī kīļ), which is closely related to Seto. By the 19th century, the church had become Latvianised and Russian had become the official language and lingua franca.^{[clarification needed]} According to Oskar Kallas, who made a studying trip to area in 1893, there were 4,387 Ludza Estonians, of whom some 800 could speak Estonian. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were some 20 people left in the area still using the language. The last native speaker of the Ludza dialect was Nikolājs Nikonovs, who was from the village of Lielie Tjapši. He died in 2006, but some people still have limited knowledge of the dialect. The last knowledgeable language user with passive knowledge, Antonīna Nikonova, died later in 2014. The dialect spoken by Ludza Estonians, was closely related to eastern Võro-dialects. It contained about 180 loanwords from Latvian and some from Russian. Ludza Estonians reportedly had some difficulty understanding standardised Estonian.