List Of Sequenced Plastomes
A plastome is the genome of a plastid, a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protoctists.
The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study.
The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales.
A compilation of all available complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository.
Plants
Bryophytes s.l.
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aneura mirabilis | 108,007 | parasitic liverwort; plastome contains many pseudogenes | |||
| Anthoceros formosae | 161,162 | 122 | hornwort; extensive RNA editing of plastome | ||
| Marchantia polymorpha | 121,024 | liverwort | |||
| Nothoceros aenigmaticus | 153,208 | 124 | hornwort | ||
| Pellia endiviifolia | 120,546 | 123 | liverwort | ||
| Physcomitrella patens | 122,890 | 118 | moss | ||
| Ptilidium pulcherrimum | 119,007 | 122 | liverwort | ||
| Tortula ruralis | 122,630 | moss |
Ferns and Lycophytes
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Family | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiantum capillus-veneris | 150,568 | Pteridaceae | ||||
| Alsophila spinulosa | 156,661 | 117 | Cyatheaceae | |||
| Angiopteris evecta | 153,901 | Marattiaceae | ||||
| Equisetum arvense | 133,309 | Equisetaceae | ||||
| Huperzia lucidula | 154,373 | Lycopodiaceae | ||||
| Isoetes flaccida | 145,303 | Isoetaceae | ||||
| Psilotum nudum | 138,829 | 117 | Psilotaceae | |||
| Selaginella uncinata | 138,829 | Selaginellaceae |
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Family | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equisetum hyemale | Equisetaceae | |||||
| Lygodium japonicum | Lygodiaceae | |||||
| Marsilea crenata | Marsileaceae | |||||
| Ophioglossum californicum | Ophioglossaceae | |||||
| Selaginella moellendorffii | Selaginellaceae |
Gymnosperms
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Family | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cryptomeria japonica | 131,810 | 114 | Cupressaceae | |||
| Cycas micronesica | Cycadaceae | |||||
| Cycas taitungensis | 163,403 | 133 | Cycadaceae | |||
| Ephedra equisetina | Ephedraceae | |||||
| Ginkgo biloba | 156,945 | 134 | Ginkgoaceae | |||
| Gnetum parvifolium | Gnetaceae | |||||
| Picea engelmannii | Se404-851 | 123,542 | 114 | Pinaceae | ||
| Picea glauca | PG29 | 123,266 | 114 | Pinaceae | ||
| Picea glauca | WS77111 | 123,421 | 114 | Pinaceae | ||
| Picea sitchensis | Q903 | 124,049 | 114 | Pinaceae | ||
| Pinus koraiensis | 116,866 | Pinaceae | ||||
| Pinus thunbergii | 119,707 | Pinaceae | ||||
| Podocarpus macrophyllus | Podocarpaceae | |||||
| Welwitschia mirabilis | 119,726 | 101 | Welwitschiaceae |
Flowering plants
This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families.
Green algae
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bryopsis plumosa | 106,859 | 115 | ||
| Chaetosphaeridium globosum | 131,183 | 124 | ||
| Chara vulgaris | ||||
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | 203,395 | 99 | ||
| Chlorella vulgaris | 150,613 | 209 | ||
| Chlorokybus atmophyticus | 201,763 | 70 | ||
| Dunaliella salina | CCAP 19/18 | 269,044 | 102 | |
| Emiliania huxleyi | 105,309 | 150 | ||
| Helicosporidium | 37,454 | 54 | ||
| Leptosira terrestris | 195,081 | 117 | ||
| Mesostigma viride | 42,424 | |||
| Monomastix | 114,528 | 94 | ||
| Nephroselmis olivacea | 200,799 | 127 | ||
| Oedogonium cardiacum | 196,547 | 103 | ||
| Oltmannsiellopsis viridis | 151,933 | 105 | ||
| Ostreococcus tauri | 71,666 | 86 | ||
| Pseudendoclonium akinetum | 195,867 | 105 | ||
| Pycnococcus provasolii | 80,211 | 98 | ||
| Pyramimonas parkeae | 101,605 | 110 | ||
| Scenedesmus obliquus | 161,452 | 96 | ||
| Staurastrum punctulatum | ||||
| Stigeoclonium helveticum | 223,902 | 97 | ||
| Tydemania expeditionis | 105,200 | 125 | ||
| Ulva sp. | UNA00071828 | 99,983 | 102 | |
| Volvox carteri | 420,650 | 91 | ||
| Zygnema circumcarinatum |
Red algae
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Year | Taxon | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahnfeltia plicata | 190,451 | 205 (coding) | 2016 | Ahnfeltiales | |||
| Apophlaea sinclairii | 182,437 | 189 (coding) | 2016 | Hildenbrandiales | |||
| Asparagopsis taxiformis | 177,091 | 203 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Bangiopsis subsimplex | 204,784 | 194 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Calliarthron tuberculosum | 178,981 | 238 | 2013 | ||||
| Ceramium japonicum | 171,634 | 199 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Chondrus crispus | 180,086 | 240 | 2013 | Gigartinales | |||
| Cyanidioschyzon merolae | 10D | 149,987 | 243 | 2003 | |||
| Cyanidium caldarium | RK1 | 164,921 | 230 | 2000 | |||
| Erythrotrichia carnea | 210,691 | 191 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Galdieria sulphuraria | 074W | 167,741 | 233 | 2015 | |||
| Gelidium elegans | 174,748 | 234 | 2016 | ||||
| Gelidium sinicola | UC276620 | 177,095 | 232 | 2019 | May be synonymous with G. coulteri | ||
| Gelidium vagum | 179,853 | 234 | 2016 | ||||
| Gracilaria changii | 183,855 | 231 | 2018 | Gracilariales | |||
| Gracilaria chorda | 182,459 | 201 (coding) | 2016 | Gracilariales | |||
| Gracilaria salicornia | 179,757 | 235 | 2014 | Gracilariales | |||
| Gracilaria tenuistipitata | var. liui | 183,883 | 238 | 2004 | Gracilariales | ||
| Gracilaria vermiculophylla | 180,254 | 239 | unpublished | Gracilariales | |||
| Grateloupia filicina | 195,990 | 265 | unpublished | ||||
| Grateloupia taiwanensis | 191,270 | 266 | 2013 | ||||
| Hildenbrandia rivularis | 189,725 | 184 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Hildenbrandia rubra | 180,141 | 190 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Kumanoa americana | 184,025 | 234 | 2018 | ||||
| Palmaria palmata | 192,960 | 245 | 2018 | ||||
| Plocamium cartilagineum | 171,392 | 197 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Porphyra pulchra | 194,175 | 251 | 2016 | Bangiales | |||
| Porphyra purpurea | 191,028 | 253 | 1993 | Bangiales | |||
| Porphyra umbilicalis | 190,173 | 250 | 2017 | Bangiales | |||
| Porphyridium purpureum | NIES 2140 | 217,694 | 260 | 2014 | |||
| Porphyridium sordidum | 259,429 | 227 | 2016 | ||||
| Pyropia fucicola | 187,282 | 2015 | Partial genome | ||||
| Pyropia haitanensis | PH 38 | 195,597 | 254 | 2013 | |||
| Pyropia kanakaensis | 189,931 | 2015 | Partial genome | ||||
| Pyropia perforata | 189,789 | 247 | 2015 | ||||
| Pyropia yezoensis | 191,952 | 264 | 2013 | ||||
| Rhodochaete parvula | 221,665 | 195 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Rhodymenia pseudopalmata | 194,153 | 201 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Riquetophycus sp. | 180,384 | 202 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Schimmelmannia schousboei | 181,030 | 202 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Schizymenia dubyi | 183,959 | 204 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Sebdenia flabellata | 192,140 | 205 (coding) | 2016 | ||||
| Sporolithon durum | 191,464 | 239 | 2016 | ||||
| Thorea hispida | 175,193 | 228 | 2018 | ||||
| Vertebrata lanosa | 167,158 | 192 | 2015 | Also assigned to genus Polysiphonia |
Glaucophytes
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyanophora paradoxa |
Meta-algae and apicomplexans
Meta-algae are organisms with photosynthetic organelles of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic origin, and their close non-photosynthetic, plastid-bearing, relatives. Apicomplexans are a secondarily non-photosynthetic group of chromalveoates which retain a reduced plastid organelle.
Photosynthetic chromalveolates
Dinoflagellate plastid genomes are not organised into a single circular DNA molecule like other plastid genomes, but into an array of mini-circles.
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chromera velia | |||||
| Chroomonas mesostigmatica | CCMP1168 | 139,403 | 189 | ||
| Chroomonas placoidea | CCAP978/8 | 139,432 | 186 | Contains 3 annotated pseudogenes | |
| Cryptomonas curvata | CNUKR | 128,285 | 182 | ||
| Cryptomonas paramecium | CCAP977/2a | 77,717 | 115 | ||
| Emiliania huxleyi | CCMP 373 | 105,309 | 154 | ||
| Guillardia theta | 121,524 | 167 | |||
| Heterosigma akashiwo | NIES 293 | 159,370 | 198 | ||
| Odontella sinensis | 119,704 | 175 | |||
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum | 117,369 | 170 | |||
| Rhodomonas salina | CCMP1319 | 135,854 | 183 | ||
| Storeatula sp. | CCMP1868 | 140,953 | 187 | ||
| Teleaulax amphioxeia | HACCP-CR01 | 129,772 | 179 | ||
| Thalassiosira pseudonana | 128,814 | 180 |
Chlorarachniophytes
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bigelowiella natans | 69,166 | 98 | ||
| Gymnochlora stellata | CCMP2053 | 67,451 | 97 | |
| Lotharella oceanica | CCMP622 | 70,997 | 94 | |
| Lotharella vacuolata | CCMP240 | 71,557 | 95 | |
| Partenskyella glossopodia | RCC365 | 72,620 | 99 |
Euglenophytes
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astasia longa | 73.2kb | 84 | ||
| Euglena gracilis | 143.2kb | 128 |
Apicomplexans
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chromera velia | ||||
| Eimeria tenella | Penn State | 34.8kb | 65 | |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 34.7kb | 68 | ||
| Theileria parva | Mugaga | 39.6kb | 71 | |
| Toxoplasma gondii | RH | 35.0kb | 65 |
Nucleomorph genomes
In some photosynthetic organisms that ability was acquired via symbiosis with a unicellular green alga (chlorophyte) or red alga (rhodophyte). In some such cases not only does the chloroplast of the former unicellular alga retain its own genome, but a remnant of the alga is also retained. When this retains a nucleus and a nuclear genome it is termed a nucleomorph.
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphochlora amoebiformis | 373,958 | 340 | ||
| Bigelowiella natans | CCMP 621 | 442,036 | 426 (344 protein coding) | |
| Chroomonas mesostigmatica | CCMP1168 | 702,852 | 581 (505 protein coding) | |
| Cryptomonas paramecium | 487,066 | 519 (466 protein coding) | ||
| Guillardia theta | 672,788 | 743 (632 protein coding) | ||
| Hemiselmis andersenii | 571,872 | 525 (471 protein coding) | ||
| Lotharella oceanica | 612,592 | 654 (608 protein coding) | ||
| Lotharella vacuolata | 431,876 | 359 |
Cyanelle genomes
The unicellular eukaryote Paulinella chromatophora possesses an organelle (the cyanelle) which represents an independent case of the acquisition of photosynthesis by cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. (Note: the term cyanelle is also applied to the plastids of glaucophytes.)
| Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paulinella chromatophora | 1.02Mb | 867 |
See also
References
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