Elections By Country

Merged cells for "head of state" and "head of government" indicate the office is the same for that country; merged cells for "lower house" and "upper house" indicate a unicameral legislature. The linked articles include the results of the elections. For a chronological order, see the electoral calendar.

A

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Abkhazia	Direct election		Direct election
Afghanistan	Autocrat elected by legislature	Appointment by autocrat	Appointment by autocrat
Åland	President of Finland	Election by legislature	Direct election
Albania	Election by legislature	Election by legislature	Direct election
Algeria	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election	Partially elected by electoral college, rest appointed by President
American Samoa	President of the United States	Direct election	Direct election	Election by regional governing councils
Andorra	The President of France and the Bishop of Urgell are co-heads of state	Election by legislature	Direct election
Angola	Election by legislature		Direct election
Anguilla	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election and appointments
Antigua and Barbuda	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments
Argentina	Direct election		Direct election
Armenia	Election by Legislature	Election by Legislature	Direct election
Aruba	Monarch of the Netherlands	Election by legislature	Direct election
Australia	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Austria	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election
Azerbaijan	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election

B

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Bahamas	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments
Bahrain	Monarchy	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Appointments
Bangladesh	Election by legislature	Election by legislature	Direct and indirect election
Barbados	Election by legislature	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments
Belarus	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
Belgium	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election
Belize	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments
Benin	Direct election		Direct election
Bermuda	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments
Bhutan	Monarchy	Elected by legislature	Direct election	Direct election and appointments
Bolivia	Direct election		Direct election
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Rotating presidency of directly elected candidates	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election
Botswana	Election by legislature		Direct election	Hereditary and appointments
Brazil	Direct election		Direct election	Direct election
British Virgin Islands	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Brunei	Monarchy		Appointments by head of state
Bulgaria	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
Burkina Faso	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Burma see Myanmar
Burundi	Direct election		Direct election and co-option	Indirect election

C

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Cabo Verde see Cape Verde
Cambodia	Monarch elected by Royal Council	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
Cameroon	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
Canada	Monarchy	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Appointments
Cape Verde	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Cayman Islands	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election and appointments
Central African Republic	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Chad	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Chile	Direct election		Direct election
China	Election by legislature	Appointment by head of state	Indirect election
Colombia	Direct election		Direct election	Direct election
Comoros	Direct election		Direct and indirect election
Congo (Brazzaville) see Republic of the Congo
Congo (Kinshasa) see Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cook Islands	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Costa Rica	Direct election		Direct election
Côte d'Ivoire	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Croatia	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
Cuba	Election by legislature		Direct election
Curaçao	Monarch of the Netherlands	Election by legislature	Direct election
Cyprus	Direct election		Direct election
Czech Republic	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election

D

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election
Denmark	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Djibouti	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Dominica	Election by legislature	Appointment by head of state	Direct election and appointments
Dominican Republic	Direct election		Direct election

E

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
East Timor	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
Ecuador	Direct election		Direct election
Egypt	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election and appointments
El Salvador	Direct election		Direct election
Equatorial Guinea	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Direct election and appointments
Eritrea	Election by legislature		Direct and indirect election
Estonia	Election by legislature and/or electoral college	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Eswatini	Monarchy	Appointment by head of state	Election by traditional local councils and appointments	Election by lower house and appointments
Ethiopia	Election by legislature	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election

F

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Falkland Islands	Monarchy	Indirect appointment by monarch	Direct election and appointments
Faroe Islands	Monarch of Denmark	Election by legislature	Direct election
Federated States of Micronesia see Micronesia
Fiji	Election by legislature	Appointment by president	Direct election
Finland	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
France	Direct election	Appointment by president	Direct election	Indirect election
French Polynesia	President of France	Election by legislature	Direct election

G

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Gabon	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election
Gambia	Direct election		Direct election and appointments
Georgia	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
Germany	Election by electoral college	Election by legislature	Direct election	Representation of state governments
Ghana	Direct election		Direct election
Gibraltar	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct and indirect election
Greece	Election by legislature	Election by legislature	Direct election
Greenland	Monarch of Denmark	Election by legislature	Direct election
Grenada	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointment
Guam	President of the United States	Direct election	Direct election
Guatemala	Direct election		Direct election
Guernsey	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Guinea	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Guinea-Bissau	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Guyana	Election by legislature		Direct election

H

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Haiti	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Honduras	Direct election		Direct election
Hong Kong	Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council	Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council	Direct election and indirect election
Holy See see Vatican City
Hungary	Election by legislature	Election by legislature	Direct election

I

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Iceland	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
India	Election by electoral college	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election
Indonesia	Direct election		Direct election
Iran	Election by Assembly of Experts	Direct election	Direct election and appointment
Iraq	Election by legislature	Election by legislature	Direct election
Ireland	Direct election	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Election by functional constituencies and appointment
Isle of Man	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election/ex officio
Israel	Election by legislature	Appointment by president	Direct election
Italy	Election by legislature	Appointment by president	Direct election

J

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Jamaica	Monarchy	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Appointment
Japan	Monarchy	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election
Jersey	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Jordan	Monarchy	Appointment by monarch	Direct election	Appointment by monarch

K

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Kazakhstan	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct and indirect election	Indirect election and appointments
Kenya	Direct election		Direct election and appointments	Direct election
Kiribati	Direct election		Direct election and appointments
Korea, North see North Korea
Korea, South see South Korea
Kosovo	Election by legislature	Election by legislature	Direct election
Kuwait	Monarchy	Appointment by head of state	Direct election and appointments
Kyrgyzstan	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election

L

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Laos	Election by legislature	Election by legislature	Direct election
Latvia	Election by legislature	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Lebanon	Election by legislature	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Lesotho	Monarchy	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Appointments
Liberia	Direct election		Direct election	Direct election
Libya	Head of Presidential Council		Direct election
Liechtenstein	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Lithuania	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Luxembourg	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election

M

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Macau	Election by election committee	Election by election committee	Direct election, indirect election, and appointments
Madagascar	Direct election	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
Malawi	Direct election		Direct election
Malaysia	Election by the rulers of the Malay states	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
Maldives	Direct election		Direct election
Mali	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Malta	Election by legislature	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Marshall Islands	Election by legislature		Direct election
Mauritania	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election
Mauritius	Election by legislature		Direct election
Mexico	Direct election		Direct election	Direct election
Micronesia	Election by legislature		Direct election
Moldova	Direct election		Direct election
Monaco	Monarchy		Direct election
Mongolia	Direct election		Direct election
Montenegro	Direct election		Direct election
Montserrat	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Morocco	Monarchy	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election and election by functional groups
Mozambique	Direct election		Direct election
Myanmar	Election by legislature		Direct election and appointments

N

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Nagorno Karabakh	Direct election		Direct election
Namibia	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election
Nauru	Election by legislature		Direct election
Nepal	Indirect election	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
Netherlands	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election
New Caledonia	President of France	Election by legislature	Indirect election
New Zealand	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Nicaragua	Direct election		Direct election and ex officio
Niger	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Nigeria	Direct election		Direct election
Niue	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Norfolk Island	Monarchy	Indirect appointment by head of state	Direct election
North Korea	Elected by legislature		Direct election
North Macedonia	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
Northern Cyprus	Direct election		Direct election
Northern Mariana Islands	President of the United States	Direct election	Direct election
Norway	Monarchy		Direct election

O

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
	Oman	Monarchy		Indirect election	Appointments

P

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Pakistan	Election by legislature		Direct election	Indirect election
Palau	Direct election		Direct election
Palestine	Direct election		Direct election
Panama	Direct election		Direct election
Papua New Guinea	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Paraguay	Direct election		Direct election
People's Republic of China see China
Peru	Direct election		Direct election
Philippines	Direct election		Direct election
Pitcairn Islands	Monarchy	Direct election	Direct election and appointment
Poland	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Portugal	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Puerto Rico	President of the United States	Direct election	Direct election

Q

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
	Qatar	Monarchy	Appointed by monarch	Appointed by monarch

R

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Republic of China see Taiwan
Republic of the Congo	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election
Romania	Direct election	Appointed by head of state	Direct election
Russia	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
Rwanda	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election and appointments	Indirect election and appointments

S

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Election by legislature	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
Saint Helena	Monarchy	Appointment by head of state	Direct election and appointments
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election and appointments
Saint Lucia	Monarchy		Direct election	Appointments
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	President of France	Election by legislature	Direct election
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Monarchy		Direct election and appointments
Samoa	Election by legislature		Direct election
San Marino	Election by legislature		Direct election
São Tomé and Príncipe	Direct election		Direct election
Saudi Arabia	Monarchy		Appointment by monarch
Senegal	Direct election		Direct election
Serbia	Direct election		Direct election
Seychelles	Direct election		Direct election
Sierra Leone	Direct election		Direct election
Singapore	Direct election		Direct election
Sint Maarten	Monarch of the Netherlands	Election by legislature	Direct election
Slovakia	Direct election		Direct election
Slovenia	Direct election		Direct election	Representation of interest groups
Solomon Islands	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Somalia	Direct election		Transition
Somaliland	Direct election		Direct election	Traditional leaders
South Africa	Election by lower house of legislature		Direct election	Indirect election
South Korea	Direct election		Direct election
South Ossetia	Direct election		Direct election
South Sudan	Direct election		Direct election
Spain	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Direct and indirect election
Sri Lanka	Direct election		Direct election
Sudan	Direct election		Appointments due to transition	Indirect election
Suriname	Election by electoral college		Direct election
Sweden	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Switzerland	Election by legislature		Direct election
Syria	Approval by referendum		Direct election

T

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Taiwan	Direct election		Direct election
Tajikistan	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
Tanzania	Direct election		Direct election
Thailand	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Direct election and appointments
Timor-Leste see East Timor
Togo	Direct election		Direct election
Tokelau	Monarchy	Rotation of village leaders	Direct election
Tonga	Monarchy		Partially direct election, partially by limited suffrage, partially ex officio
Transnistria	Direct election		Direct election
Trinidad and Tobago	Election by legislature		Direct election	Appointments
Tunisia	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
Turkey	Direct election		Direct election
Turkmenistan	Direct election		Direct election
Turks and Caicos Islands	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election
Tuvalu	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election

U

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Uganda	Direct election		Direct election and appointments
Ukraine	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
United Arab Emirates	Indirect election by heads of constituent states	Indirect election by heads of constituent states	Appointments and indirect election
United Kingdom	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments, hereditary peers, and indirect election
United States	Indirect election, Election by the 50 States using their electoral college		Direct election
Uruguay	Direct election		Direct election
Uzbekistan	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election and appointments

V

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Vanuatu	Election by electoral college	Election by legislature	Direct election
Vatican City	Monarch elected by college of cardinals	Appointment by monarch	Appointment by monarch
Venezuela	Direct election		Direct election
Vietnam	Election by legislature		Direct election
Virgin Islands	President of the United States	Direct election	Direct election

W

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
	Wallis and Futuna	President of France	Appointment by president	Direct election

Y

	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
	Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
	Yemen	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Appointment by head of state

Z

Country	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Country	Head of state	Head of government	Lower house	Upper house
Zambia	Direct election		Mostly direct election, some appointments
Zimbabwe	Direct election		Direct election	Mix of direct and indirect election

References

External links

http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/parlinesearch.asp PARLINE database on national parliaments - contains information on the structure and working methods of 265 parliamentary chambers in all of the 189 countries where a national legislature exists.
ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above
Election Resources
Adam Carr's Election Archive
International Foundation for Electoral Systems' Electionguide
African Elections Database

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Elections By Country

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

See also

References

External links

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