Battle Of Asal Uttar

It was fought from 8 to 10 September 1965, when the Pakistan Army thrust its tanks and infantry into Indian territory, capturing the Indian town of Khemkaran 5 km from the International Border. The Indian troops retaliated, and after three days of bitter fighting, the battle ended with the Pakistani forces being repulsed near Asal Uttar. Factors that contributed to this were the fierce fight put up by the Indian Army, conditions of the plains, better Indian tactics, and a successful Indian strategy.

Battle of Asal Uttar
Part of Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Captured Pakistani tanks on display near Bhikhiwind, India
Date 8–10 September 1965 (2 days) Location Asal Uttar, Khemkaran, Punjab, India Result Indian Victory Withdraw of the Pakistani army to Khem Karan
Belligerents
India	Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
Lt. Gen. Harbaksh Singh Lt. Gen. J. S. Dhillon Maj. Gen. Gurbaksh Singh Brig. Thomas K. Theogaraj	Maj. Gen. Nasir Khan † Brig. A.R.Shami †
Units involved
2nd Independent Armoured Brigade 3rd Cavalry 9th Horse 8th Light Cavalry	1st Armoured Division 4th Cavalry 5th Horse 6th Lancers 24th Cavalry 12th Cavalry 19th Lancers
Casualties and losses
24 tanks destroyed	~100 tanks destroyed or captured

The battle is described as one of the largest tank battles in history since the Battle of Kursk in World War II. Pakistan's invading force, consisting of the 1st Armoured Division and 11th Infantry Division, crossed the International Border and captured the Indian town of Khem Karan. Considering the situation, GOC Indian 4th Mountain Division (Maj. Gen. Gurbaksh Singh) immediately ordered the division to fall back and assume a horseshoe shaped defensive position with Asal Uttar as its focal point. The battle strategy was the brainchild of Brigadier Thomas K. Theogaraj.

In the night, the Indian troops flooded the sugar cane field, and the next morning, the Pakistani tanks of the 1st Armoured Division, consisting mainly of M47 and M48 Patton tanks, were lured inside the horse-shoe trap. The swampy ground slowed the advance of the Pakistani tanks and many of them could not move because of the muddy slush. Over 100 Pakistani tanks (mostly Pattons, and a few Shermans and Chaffees) were destroyed, with 40+ captured while the Indians, by their account, lost only 24 tanks during this counter offensive.

 

Despite the initial thrust of the Pakistani Army into Indian territory, the battle ended in a decisive Indian Victory. The commander of Pakistani forces Maj. Gen. Nasir Ahmed Khan was killed in action. According to military historian Steven Zaloga, Pakistan admitted that it lost 165 tanks during the 1965 war, more than half of which were knocked out during the "debacle" of Asal Uttar.

Pervez Musharraf, later Army Chief of Staff and President of Pakistan, participated in this battle as a lieutenant of artillery in the 16 (SP) Field Regiment, 1st Armoured Division Artillery. The battle also witnessed the personal bravery of an Indian soldier, Abdul Hamid, who was honoured with the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military award, for allegedly knocking out seven enemy tanks with a recoilless gun.

This battle led to the creation of Patton Nagar (or "Patton City") at the site of the battle. This is because a large number of Patton tanks fielded by the Pakistani forces were either captured or destroyed at the scene.

The honour Asal Uttar was awarded for the period 9 to 11 September to the following units-

• Deccan Horse
• 3 Cavalry
• 91 Mountain Regiment
• 40 Medium Regiment
• 4 Grenadiers
• 18 Rajputana Rifles (now 11 Mechanised Infantry Regiment)
• 1 Dogra (now 7 Mechanised Infantry Regiment)
• 2 Mahar
• 9 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles

Documentaries

Battle of Asal Uttar – Largest Tank Battle Since World War II (2018) is a TV documentary which premièred on Veer by Discovery Channel series, Mission & Wars.

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  AMX-13 tank displayed at the Ahmednagar Cavalry Tank Museum in India. The AMX-13/75 was one of several types of armour fielded by the Indian Army during the battle
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  Rear view of the same tank

Listed north to south.

• Battle of Chumb
• Battle of Phillora
• Battle of Chawinda
• Battle of Pul Kanjri
• Battle of Ichogil Bund
• Battle of Kasur

• Indo-Pakistan Wars
• Operation Grand Slam