1094

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring – Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos) sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under General Tatikios to Nicaea, in an attempt to re-capture the city from the Seljuk Turks. However, the arrival of Barkiyaruq's army en route stops the Byzantines. Alexios sends reinforcements; short of supplies, the Seljuk Turks retreat. Abu'l-Qasim, Seljuk governor of Nicaea, is defeated and forced to conclude a truce with Alexios.

Europe

• May
  • Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar (El Cid) completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He begins his rule (in the name of King Alfonso VI) of Valencia. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.
  • Duncan II (son of the late King Malcolm III) invades England at the head of an army of Norman knights from Scotland, aided by his half-brother Edmund. He succeeds his uncle, King Donald III (the Fair), as ruler of Scotland.
• July 28 – William Bertrand dies, and his margravial title of Provence is inherited by Raymond IV (Saint-Gilles), who becomes count of Toulouse (until 1105).
• November 12 – King Donald III mobilizes his army and kills Duncan II in battle in the Lowlands. He re-takes the Scottish throne, Edmund sides with Donald as co-ruler and is named as heir as he has no children.

Fatimid Egypt

• After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah, his son-in-law and vizier Al-Afdal declares al-Musta'li, a younger son of al-Mustansir, in a coup d'état as new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir, Nizar, flees to Alexandria.

Eastern Islamic world

• Sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk prince who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.

 

• Caliph of Baghdad, al-Muqtadi died on 3 February 1094 and he was succeeded by his nominated heir Ahmad (al-Mustazhir).

By topic

Religion

• May 15 – The Cathedral of St. Agatha in Catania (Sicily) is consecrated by the Breton abbot Ansger.
• October 8 – Doge Vitale Faliero consecrates the new Basilica of San Marco in Venice.
• King Ladislaus I of Hungary founds a diocese (alongside the bishop's see) in Zagreb.
• Al-Musta'li becomes the nineteenth imam of Musta'li Ismailism

• January 14 – Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1129)
• Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad caliph (approximate date)
• Ibn Zuhr (or Avenzoar), Moorish physician (d. 1162)
• Malachy, Irish archbishop and saint (d. 1148)
• Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (d. 1120)
• Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai (d. 1143)

• January 10 – Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1029)
• February 3
  • Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid caliph (b. 1056)
  • Teishi, Japanese empress (b. 1013)
• June 2 – Nicholas the Pilgrim, Italian shepherd (b. 1075)
• June 4 – Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplona
• July 28 – William Bertrand, margrave of Provence
• October 14
  • Bertha of Holland, French queen
  • Fujiwara no Nobunaga, Japanese nobleman (b. 1022)
• November 12 – Duncan II, king of Scotland
• Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau, Buyid nobleman
• Al-Bakri, Moorish historian and geographer
• Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, Seljuk sultan of Aleppo
• Bal-Jamali, Fatimid vizier and statesman
• Isaac Albalia, Andalusian Jewish astronomer (b. 1035)
• Jonathan I, Italo-Norman count of Carinola
• Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire
• Michael of Avranches, Italian bishop
• Roger de Beaumont, Norman nobleman
• Roger de Montgomery, Norman nobleman
• Terken Khatun, Seljuk empress and regent
• William Fitzeustace, Norman nobleman
• Wulfnoth Godwinson, English nobleman