Hamidiye Stakera

Hamidiye stakera ( armenavon Համիդյան ջարդեր is turkavon Hamidiye Katliamı ), dere yoltkirafa gu Armenafa stakera ke 1894-1896 ik Armenafa Saneaytara , tid stakera va armenik koe Osmanlı gindaxo dilizeyesa isti 1890^-e sanda. Uldinet da xonukikafa ota tiyir vas 80 000 ik 300 000 isen gadiskikafa ota vas 50 000. Stakera va yolt ke Abdülhamit II gindik dikid, i ke gindik lasunubegayas va atitsuso gindaxo num abduaskiyis va kotislameva wetce sokafa rietoda. Beka stakera kev armenafa sanelia dalon zo graskayad, pune dere vanpiyid wiiskafa stakera kev kristevafa sanelia, dum tulon stakera ke Diyarbakır lize sedme milugalafa givaklita, icle 25 000 assurik dere zo aytayad.

Stakera koe idja ke Osmanlı gindaxo bak 1894 tozuweyed aze remi toloya direfa tanda jadiaweyed. To wali 1894 is 1896 pisonara loote sokiyid. Bak 1897 nope walvedeyafa lanzara va Abdülhamit kastaweyed. Lofigafa sabegara kev armenikeem zo skuyur, i kev doda jontikedje brazayana, isen kabera ta wideytafa fabdura is lokiewafa askipera gan bowere zo afanayad. Osmanlı rictaga va klaa ok ikra ke kosik vol nyurnayar numen sanelia fikapoon zo stakeyer ugale sumesutesiki va warzot den varafa tamava rotamuzeyer isen stakera gan yona kanaca ke taltefa Europa is lentefa Amerika zo sokuvapayad.

Orka

Xanta ke plabuca tove armenikeem tir nope loloon xokagafa tirka ke Osmanlı gindaxo remi ironokafu amu ke XIX^-eafa decemda. Tena ke turkafa felira va Balkan gola nope europaf vedeyevaf fird is karakera va mivgotura ke yono tawavo jontikviele dagino gan Osmanlı roti tozuwer. Armenikeem ke gindaxo, jontikviele torigiyin gu toleasegaf wideyik, va wideytafa fabdura is lokiewafa askipera ke bowere isti 1860^-e sanda is titi 1870^-e toz eruyud. Va tena ke stibera va taway eruyud, is « va tena ke elakera is pisonara koe armenafa widava gan kurdik is tcerkesik, is va tena ke mevexaca ke dotara va koayka, is va tena ke gomilafa linulara ke flibik ke bowere is vewara va kristevik wetce jizaf vrutanik ». Bata erura gan idjafe bowere me zo nyurnayad. Viele vanblisa vedeyevinda dene armenikeem ke Anatola toz galbuweyer, don erura va rokafa miltuca is vanlaumara ke mivvexuca, Osmanlı gadesik malyedayad da islamevafa adala ke gindaxo is dace inafa kruldera zo dratceyed.

Armenaf uum

Pendara va rossiafa sayakafa kiewatca koe noeltafa rossiaturkafa geja is ligundewerapa ke Osmanlı gindaxo koe konak ind ( tulon tel erbaf mali 1873, is dere icde tawavo ) is pokolera ke yon armenik va bowera va konviele varafa Armena gan Rossia, va warzafa kera ke armenik blis koe Osmanlı gindaxo jupayad. Armenik va dastrubeniktum gaden gan Mkrtich Khrimian den Berlin Aba bak 1878 stakseyed enide va europaf gijarotiaceem ta ozeracka va inafa sanelia koe kasafa dilifa walkalura xuvar.

Wori gindik va roti me djuprokoebgayar. Abdülhamit trakuyur da xaka ke Osmanlı gindaxo vas « alokafa brazara ke kristevafa tamava » daneyer. Torigiyir da armenik tiyid dakira ke divefa plabuca, i mergil mu Europa ta « kalfira va idja ke gindaxo is soltioltera va piodeem ». Osman Nuri turkaf izvopik va blirizva ke Abdülhamit katcalar da « beta miwara va " fabdura " ravlem va in zuneyer ise va gomilafa wayeda plataeyer ». Givanon gu worara ke armenaf dastrubenik ko Berlin bak 1878, piron katcalayar : « Mana okridacapa... mana relmerapa va alka is soka... gan Lorik zo rotapsad !!» Kore dosteyer da lana sinafa temera tiyid rigakirafa, « va armenik gu segena boresikya jidjasa va metisa kranavera » doluneyer, kalison : « Sin tid to ayikyakorafe is nyukafe sane va int palsese kake blucte ke gijarotiaceem is murumase icde beta lazava ».

Hamidiye vertega

Iksantuks ke 61^-e teliz ke Berlin bioga ( 1878 ) icde fabdura va armenaf winkeem tere me zo rewayad voxe va lana rujara dace jupayad. Kota ronefa winka ke gindaxo kotvielu tiyir musansafa. Kurdaf tcumivik va irubasik ke wida is widava volpursanon dilfuyud. Bak 1890-1891 ugale gindaxo tiyir axarsafo is grigrustayano is djuprowalplekunsuso, pune Abdülhamit gindik va ravalduga mialon winugafa pu Kurd tozekik kserayar. Pona ke bat blayeem tiyir dem nelkon Kurd greltik voxu dere Türk iku Yöruk iku iku Arab iku Türkmen iku Tcerkes. Sin gu Alayalari Hamidiye ( Hamidiye vertega ) zo yoltayad. Hamidiye vertegik is Kurd tozekik va dilfura va armenik zo kalrictayad, enomason va zaipaf balikeks is bliga is aloyason va bond, mekivason va kona pursara larde va sayakaf erkey anton rupteyed. Kev bata rofavera isu tizaca, armenik va artowas grustals reduyud : Hunchak pako ( zabduyuno bak 1887 koe Swiza ) is Armenafa Artowasa Galda ( ARG okon Dashnakutiun, zabduyuna bak 1890 koe Tbilisi ). Likera is jalmara bak 1892 koe Merzifon az 1893 koe Tokat dilizeyed.

Jalmara koe Sasun

Hamidiye Stakera — Zovdaks ke inc vrutasik va stakera va armenik bal Hamidiye stakera

Bak 1894 gindik va armenafe sane toz jalayar. Bata brazara va vedeyevaf trakuray ke armenikeem tupoayar. Taneaf satcaf meld ke armenafa acagira koe Sasun dilizeyer. Elodesik ke Hunchak pako dum satcon Mihran Damadian is Hampartsoum Boyadjian is Hrayr va acagira va jontolafa koaykara is Osmanlı brazara bristuyud. ARG va irubasik ke gola ervoayar. Armenik va turkafa sanelia is Kurd vertegik koe Sasun molikeyed voxe dikote tere zertuyud, is nope turkafa emnagasa ravaldara meviele rewatana.

Dulzatason va acagira koe Sasun, bowesik ke Muş kategiyir nume plataeyer da lizukaf islamevik va armenik tsuneyed. Patrick Balfour izvopik suteyer da batmana stakera tujdeson koe mazjida zo bokayad. Abdülhamit gindik va ervolia is Kurd vertegaki ko gola stakseyer. Tizuca zo mopleyer nume vas loa armenafa widava ke Osmanlı gindaxo uzeyer.

Stakera

Gijarotiaca ( Britana is Franca is Rossia ) poayad da Abdülhamit va warzaf fabdus enk mukotas va kastara va roti ke Hamidiye vertegeem ba saneaksat ke 1895 sugdayar, voxen bancoba dum Berlin bioga meviele di zo rewayar. Ba 01/10/1895 tol-decitoy armenik kabelcas koe Konstantinopolis is erus va koskura va fabdura tizon gan Osmanlı ardial zo gwarded. Moi sugdara va fabdus enk, gindik co dakteyer : « Bata arienta koe fortey jiadatar. »

Fure stakera va armenik koe Konstantinopolis dilized aze va arak ke winkeem saneliakiraf gu armenik mopler, ko Bitlis is Diyarbakır is Erzurum is Mamuret-ul-Aziz is Sivas is Trabzon is Van. Konak decitoy olkik gan islamevaf vegungik is boweref sayakik zo aytayad aze jontikar bak olgaf fentugal ke 1895-1896 awalkeyed. William Sachtleben amerikaf felusik tigis koe Erzurum moi stakera ke 1895 va moxinafa nakila inton rabateyena koe twapa pu Times fela pwadeyer :

Coba jinon wiyina ba bat teveaviel [ 01 ke santaneaksat ] mevielu tir gretcayana koe swava ton ana relkafa disukexa rowina gan ayik. Do tan susik ke englafe ikapermaxe is tanoy sayakik is jinaf remsutesik is tanoy ( armenaf ) afigasutesik ko Gregorian awalkikxo laniyí [...] Kene lenteon rebava, ton emacek mantaf vas 6 m- is abrotcaf vas 46 m-, 321 awalkoda ke stakeyen armenik tigiyid. Jontik sin al zo buxayad. Wiyí da gexata ke yona kan vordavara ke gamiafo ervo moi xonukera al zo selupuyur. Berga ke yonar kan dugara riwe al zo remgabeyer. Ast ke tanoyo alto varon al zo basalmayar isen pandeem gabeyen miledje cot ke ma basalmayan. Eruyú kase vakol va batcoba al askiyid. « Volgue, turkik kan wed al askid. » Mon san-toloyo alto lokon al zo anteyayad. Vageeem ke kota awalkoda vaxe tanoya ok toloya kiltafa vagela al mbi nabeyer... Xonukera bal doaliera kev takrelik tir to lancoba ; wonton stakesa xonukesira va merojunik gan nyukaf is ervokiraf sayakik tir to arcoba.

Gustave Meyrier francaf ikapermik ke Diyarbakır pu Paul Cambon permik va yona rupa icde armenikya zagayana az aytayana isu rumeik pwadeyer ise va relingasik « nyukaf lidam udutaf » pimtayar. « Bantan me dilfuyud lize korik va int korojuyud voxe va merojuna revava elodeyed. » Ana virnura koe Urfa dilizeyer lize Osmanlı milk va armenafa wevala anteyayar liz 3000 armenik al gelbeyed, aze va kot lagotces korik viltayar.

Dalaf suteptik ke Abdülhamit koe namio icde gindik suteyer da in « va boksafa is eaftafa gaderopa kev armenikeem djukustayar nume va nuva skapon podasa jupekason narayar... benplekuyur da kota parlera ik kona keyaksera do armenik en di zo taruteyer isen gorukafa dendara tenutceteson di zo gonaskuteyer. »

Pisonara kali 1897 zo wanuyud. Bak ban ironokaf ilanacek, Abdülhamit gindik dakteyer da armenaf uum tiyir tenutceyen. Jontik armenaf artowasik al zo aytayad oke ko Rossia al otceyed. Osmanlı bowere va armenaf seltom al buder ise va armenaf gaderopaf lizor al kalirutar.

Yona mearmenafa doda bal stakera dere zo dilfud. Francafa dobulafa daalara nedir da Hamidiye vertega va osk armenik voxosk assurik blis koe Diyarbakır is Hasankeyf is Sivas is aryono xo ke Anatola stakeyed.

Xonukikaf laot

Mekase rogrupet ote armenik zo aytayad, beka woda ozwana gan izvopik tid vas 80 000 ik 300 000 xonukik.

Johannes Lepsius germanaf gertik va orig icde vilara is stakera cobekon kayestayar nume vas xonukera ke 88 243 armenik is tusutara va 546 000 olkik is vilara va 2493 wida ( don 456 wida dem irubasikeem poanon deweldeyen gu islameva ) is tirbura va 649 uja is tucpastaxo ( don 328 betayano gu mazjida ) patavason naavdar. Va ota ke loplekuf armenaf awalkik golde ael ik akola vas 100 000 dere uldineyer. Trabe va kotak vas mon 200 000 korik.

Ostik britanaf permik uldiner da 100 000 korik kali toza ke santoleaksat ke 1895 zo aytayad. Wori stakesa rekola kali 1896 slayar. Ernst Jäckh germanaf eldaf kaatoesik is turkopik ruyeyer da 200 000 armenik zo xonukesiyid isen 50 000 zo aloyayad isen tan-celemoy zo elakeyed ise zo azregeyed. oltavafa woda gan Pierre Renouvin francaf dobulaf izvopik zo ozwar, i gan izvopik ruyeyes da remi inaf zanugal male garif valdig, 250 000 armenik awalkeyed.

Valey armenik, mon 25 000 assurik is rotir 100 000 ellasik dere zo xonukesiyid.

Walvedeyafa kategira

Warzot ke armenafa stakera koe gindaxo, koe Europa is Tanarasokeem manton zo emuzeyed nume va kireptafa kategira ke divefe bowere is ayafamaf grustaks is feleem nekiyid. Britanafa rubiana is yunkekskirafa fela va stakereem belon besayad. Tulon Punch safteafa fela va konak sanoy ozaks kaatoes va twamera sanegayar. Ostik Leslie Rogne Schumacher izvopik stragar da stakera remi yona tanda levi Taneafa Tamavageja « va betawesa tamava dem europaf walvedeyaf skedeem tcazedayad ise turestayad. » Batcoba va skeda ke Britana tove Osmanlı gindaxo tuaxayar ise va gluyeem do Rossia tupoayar.

Francaf permik va Turka pimtayar : « enteyepesa », « dem stakera kotlize »; isen kot kristevik « mewaltrakunon » zo adjubed. Francaf ikapermik dakteyer da Osmanlı gindaxo « va kristevaf patectolk adre vanmecobayar », kaliskeson da « Kurd greltokilik tukulutason stale kristevik is daniaskison va rinta ke intaf ervolitik rotegid inde djumed. »

Bak lerdeaksat ke 1895, teliz ke New York Times fela gu « Armenafa Saneaytara » vergumveltayar edje Catholic World dakteyer : « Kota kofiga ke Araba va nuba ke Turka cuon me rotcater eke banvielu va kotak ke kristevafo tawavo di kevstujer. » Arak ke amerikaf feleem va tegira pomatasa va armenikeem is kalsulatana « va vozakretsa ke turkafo gindaxo kan gaderopafa tegira ok ledamon vidura va wed... » kabeyer. Leopold II gazik ke Belga pu Salibury britanaf eldokilik dakteyer da va intafo kongoafo jipo « ta tolgenira va Armena azu kerelera » djuprostakseyer. Stakera tiyid zolonafa kerdela ke irn ke Grover Cleveland amerikaf taneagadesik isen William McKinley retik va giwara va armenik dum tana nelkafa abdukaca icde divefa gaderopa ko intaf talpey kosuteyer. Amerikik sokes koe Osmanlı gindaxo va intafe bowere xuvayad enide ine kramon di sabegar. Lantan dum Julia Ward Howe is David Josiah Brewer is John D. Rockefeller va jontika erba ziliyid ise dotayad ise va grelera vanlizuketena pu armenik kan noeltaf Kerafa Gamda grustaks grustayad. Aryon ayafamaf grustaks is Kerafa Gamda pomayad, stakseson va grelesaca pu ironokaf moblisik awalkes nope akola is ael.

Vangira va Osmanlı omeltxe

Vangira va Osmanlı omeltxe ( turkavon Osmanlı Bankası Baskını is armenavon Պանք Օթօմանի գրաւումը ) tir bifa dilzeyesa koe Konstantinopolis kelu ke Osmanlı gindaxo ba 26/08/1896. Mukot ke bata sopera stana gan 26 ervokiraf bewik ke Armenafa Artowasa Galda gaden gan Armen Garo is Papken Siuni tiyir nazbara va vofara ke zolonafa europafa gijarotiaca fotisa itabudesa va brazara va turkaf armenikeem is refa Hamidiye stakera. Banugale Osmanlı omelt tir avegap ke walvedeyafi erbaroti ise va jontik britanaf is francaf boaks malgir. Omeltxe remi 14 bartiv zo levkereler. Zauzenon, jontik decemoy armenik ke Konstantinopolis tid kosaf gu stakera edje Abdülhamit gindik gu gasizara va xe dratcer. Debala va maltegira ke europaf dobulik nekir, i ke dobulik seotas va divgiwodara va vangiyis artowasik van Franca. Vangira va Osmanlı omeltxe gan europaf feleem taxas va takreluca is zobes va armenaf mukot lovackon zo pestaler. Soe mecoba ta tukiewara va gropeem ke turkaf armenikeem zo askir kore stakera gan europafa soka zo lanzar.

Stakera va armenik koe Konstantinopolis

Zauzeson, stakera va armenikeem tigis ok irubas koe Galata revava isu Pera kalfir , edje Osmanlı ji va dilizera isked. Başıbozuk erbudik ervoayan gan gindik va armenikeem ke widava vajiked. Sedme divef dobulik, Osmanlı rictaga « va aytara va armenik volkare klaa ik ikra remi tolka » pu tari gransed. Sedme De La Boulinière francaf dobulik koe Konstantinopolis : « Koe Galata, armenik okridon awis ok divlanis otceteson van lomusafo xo stalcenon ok aziloblanon ok nubemanon vere zo aytayad. Armenafa dolta zo elakeyed ise zo torsayad, digisik zo laridagabeyed isen tariikaj va mona foruldasa vas armenik ipeyed, tsaxason va tuvel is empason va dilk. » Loplekur : « Sielcekon, kotlize koe widava, koe Galata is Perchembe-Bazar is Bechuchtache is Tophane is tite dace Yldiz venta is koe Kassim Pache is poke britanafe permaxe, milafa nakila dere sokiyid. »

« Entcabanera va armenik » , bata stakera va bar-decitoy ik balem-decitoy kosik ( fuxe kotak vas tevoy-decitoy ik per-decitoy ke armenikeem ke Konstantinopolis ) nekid aze jiadad oxam viele gindik tere tsuner. Sedme Armen Garo, bata bifa litesisa va direfa kroguca pu Rossia plataer da ina sayakon egadar nume va intafa tigira koe Tcerna Bira laumar. Kivason va rossiafa walpira, Abdülhamit II va awalkopera va armenik tutenayar neke va 61^-e teliz ke Berlin bioga wan merewar.

Stakera va armenikeem ke Agn

Ba 15/09/1896 arti baroya safta radimi vangira va omeltxe, Osmanlı rictaga va stakera va armenikeem ke Agn sopeyed, i ke Agn widava tigisa koe Kharberd ( Harput ) ronefa winka kir koblixo ke Papken Siuni. Sedme munesteks ke francaf permik, Osmanlı milk va cugon 20000 armenik koe Agn don « ayikya is rumeik » co stakeyed. Sedme ar munesteks tel ke britanaf ikapemik koe Harput male woda dafuyuna gan turkaf flibik, 15000 xonukik don 200 ayikya is rumeik co tiyid. 980 mona fuxe 1500 tigisa koe armenafa revava zo elakeyed aze zo anteyayad. Toleaf munesteks suteyen gan mil britanaf ikapermik pebur da yontara ta bata rujara tir « merontifa benplekura » ke gindik ruyes da « armenik ke Agn fu dimveged numen lizukafa rictaga fiste di sabegar ». Koe mil munesteks britanaf ikapermik soe pebur da bata rodaxara tir rigotiskafa. Ant abica viltaxa koe empa ke firdeyana mona zo katrasiyid. Sedme Vahakn Dadrian armenaf izvopik, stakera va armenikeem ke Agn tir toda ke « dofa estera ton aultovesa stakera ».

Rotuxas munesteks ke Osmanlı roti

Mali taneafa stakera aze remi yona darefa tanda, Osmanlı rictaga va geltruca ke dilizeyes bifeem is kosikafa ota dovoron rotuxadayar, lasukevbuiveson va tamavaf trakulikeem da dalafa bloduca tiyir tela ke miv armenik. Winugaf munesteks va batyona remtrakusa yovara amuzeyed. Wori, taltekaf felusik dum George Hepworth koyayas koo Armena az negayas koe « Koo Armena lapison » ( Through Armenia on Horseback ) neva, va geltruca ke askikseem amidapafa gu tela ke winugaf munesteks vrutayad.

Osmanlı winugafa givaklita va xonukikaf laot tuvestayad ike dimtazukayad. Bata dovorafa yovara va dimtazukara va wodeem gan Phillip Currie britanaf permik koe twa pu Salisbury dalaf eldik tulon zo stragayar.

Izvopa

Lan aneyasik dum Mkrtich Nersisyan sovietaf izvopik isu Ruben Sahakyan isu John Kirakosyan isu Yehuda Bauer az lonoelton Benny Morris is Dror Ze'evi koe « Barsandafa saneaytara » ( The Thirty-Year Genocide ) neva boyad da stakera ke 1894-1896 va taneafa nesida ke armenafa saneaytara tadleyed , voxen lo kotlizvopik va bata tentura gu 1915^-e iku 1923^-e ilanacek kimad.

Dere rupec

► Armenafa Saneaytara

► Stakera ke Adana

Lofa belira

(en) Akçam, Taner (2006). A Shameful Act : The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-8665-2.
(en) Balakian, Peter (2003). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-055870-9.
(fr) Clemenceau, Georges. Les massacres d'Arménie: Témoignages des victimes. Paris: Édition du Mercure de France, 1896.
(en) Ministère des Affaires Étrangères. Documents diplomatiques: Affaires arméniennes. Projets de réformes dans l'empire Ottoman, 1893-1897. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1897.
(en) Howard Ball. Genocide: A reference Handbook
(en) Campbell, George Douglas. Our Responsibilities for Turkey: Facts and Memories of Forty Years. London: J. Murray, 1896.
(de) Divef Eldik. Die grosse Politik der europäischen Kabinette, 1871-1914, vol. X. Berlin: Deutsche veragsgesellschaft für politik und geschichte, 1922–1927.
(en) Great Britain, Foreign Office. Correspondence Relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey, 1892-1893, Sess., 1896, XCV (A and P) c. 8015, Turkey No. 3, 1896; Correspondence Relating..., 1894-1895, Sess., 1896, XCVI (A and P) c. 8108, Turkey No. 6, 1896; Correspondence Relating to the Armenian Question and Reports from Her Majesty's Consular Officers in Asiatic Turkey, Sess., 1896, XCV (A and P) c. 7927, Turkey No. 2, 1896.
(en) Harris, J. Rendel, Letters from the Scenes of the Recent Massacres in Armenia. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1897.
(en) Lepsius, Johannes. Armenia and Europe: An Indictment. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1897.
(en) Melson, Robert. A Theoretical Enquiry into the Armenian Massacres of 1894–1896, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 24, n° 3 (1982), bu 481–509.
(en) Nalbandian, Louise. The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties through the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963.
(hy) Nersisyan, Mkrtich G. Զեյթունցիների 1895–1896 թթ. Ինքնապաշտպանական Հերոսամարտը. Patma-Banasirakan Handes. N° 1–2 (143–44), 1996, bu 7–16.
(en) Rodogno, Davide. Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.
(en) Schumacher, Leslie Rogne. Outrage and Imperialism, Confusion and Indifference: Punch and the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896. Koe Comic Empires: Imperialism in Cartoons, Caricature, and Satirical Art, Richard Scully & Andrekos Varnava, 305-333. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
(en) Suny, Ronald Grigor. (2018). The Hamidian Massacres, 1894-1897: Disinterring a Buried History. Études arméniennes contemporaines, 11, 125-134.
(en) Troshine, Yvan (January 1897). A Bystander's Notes of a Massacre: The Slaughter of Armenians in Constantinople. Scribner's Magazine. XXI (1): 48–67.
(en) Verheij, Jelle (2018). The year of the firman: The 1895 massacres in Hizan and Şirvan (Bitlis vilayet). Études arméniennes contemporaines (10): 125–159. doi:10.4000/eac.1495.

Vuestexa

Hamidiye stakera

Armenik aytayan koe Erzerum, afigasuteks gan William Sachtleben, santaneaksat ke 1895

Ugal is xo

Evla

1894 - 1897

Patecta

Turka ( Osmanlı gindaxo )

Debala

Konstantinopolis is ronefa Turka

Ord is jala

Ord

Aultovesa stakera

Jala

Lokon armenik, is dere assurik

Kosikeem

≈ 80 000 - 300 000

betara

teza

Tuveli icde Izvopa

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