Translingual edit
Egyptian edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Afroasiatic *sū. Cognate to Proto-Semitic *šuʔa[1] and Central Atlas Tamazight -ⴰⵙ (-as).
Pronunciation edit
m sg 3. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun
- he, him (see usage notes)
Usage notes edit
By the time of Late Egyptian, this pronoun was no longer strictly masculine but common to both genders, as it had entirely merged with the feminine equivalent st through sound change.
This form of pronoun is an enclitic that must directly follow the word it modifies. Its meaning depends on its context:
- When it follows a verb, it indicates the object of the verb.
- In the second and third person when it follows an adjective, it forms the subject of an adjectival sentence.
- When it follows a relative adjective, such as ntj, ntt, or jsṯ, it indicates the subject of the relative clause (usually only in the first person singular and third person common).
- When it follows an imperative, it indicates the subject or the object of the verb.
- When it follows a particle like m.k, it indicates the subject of the clause.
- When attached to a preposition, it indicates the object of the preposition.
Inflection edit
Old Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person |
---|
masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine |
---|
suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j
| .k, .kj1
| .ṯ, .ṯn
| .f, .fj1
| .s, .sj1
|
---|
dual | .nj
| .ṯnj
| .snj
|
---|
plural | .n
| .ṯn
| .sn
|
---|
|
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | w, wj, wy
| kw, k, ṯw, ṯ
| ṯm, ṯn
| sw, s
| s
|
---|
dual | —
| ṯnj
| snj
|
---|
plural | n
| ṯn
| sn
|
---|
|
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk
| ṯwt
| ṯmt
| swt
| stt
|
---|
dual | —
| —
| ntsnj
|
---|
plural | —
| ntṯn
| ntsn, jntsn
|
---|
|
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kj, .k
| .tj, .t
| ∅, .j
| .tj, .t
|
---|
dual | — | .tjwn
| .wy, .wj
| .ty
|
---|
plural | .wn, .nw
| ∅, .w, .y, .wy
| .tj, .t
|
---|
- Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
|
Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person |
---|
masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine |
---|
suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j
| .k, .kj1
| .ṯ, .t
| .f, .fj1
| .s, .sj1
|
---|
dual2 | .nj
| .ṯnj, .tnj
| .snj
|
---|
plural | .n
| .ṯn, .tn
| .sn, .w3
|
---|
|
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | wj, w
| ṯw, tw
| ṯn, tn
| sw, st
| sj, s, st
|
---|
plural | n
| ṯn, tn
| sn, st
|
---|
|
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk
| ntk, ṯwt2
| ntṯ, ntt, ṯwt2
| ntf, swt2
| nts, swt2
|
---|
plural | jnn3
| ntṯn, nttn
| ntsn
|
---|
|
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kw
| .tj, .t, .tw3
| ∅, .w
| .tj, .t, .tw3
|
---|
plural | .wn, .wjn
| .tjwn, .tjwnj
| ∅, .w, .y
|
---|
|
proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3 | singular | tw.j
| tw.k
| tw.t
| sw
| sj, st
|
---|
plural | tw.n
| tw.tn
| st
|
---|
- Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
- Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
- Only in postclassical (Neo-Middle Egyptian) texts.
|
Late Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person |
---|
masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine |
---|
suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j
| .k, .kw
| .t
| .f, .fj
| .s, .st, .sw
|
---|
plural | .n
| .tn, .twn
| .w, .sn1
|
---|
|
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1 | singular | wj
| tw, tj
| sw, st
|
---|
plural | n, wn
| twn
| sn, st
|
---|
|
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk
| mntk, mtwk
| mntt, mtwy
| mntf
| mntst, mntjst
|
---|
plural | jnn
| mnttn
| mntw
|
---|
|
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1 | singular | .kw, .k
| .tj, .tw
| ∅, .w, .y
| .tj, .tw
|
---|
plural | .nw
| .tn
| ∅, .w, .y
|
---|
unmarked (later) | ∅, .tw
|
---|
|
proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns | singular | tw.j
| tw.k
| tw.t
| sw
| st, sw
|
---|
plural | tw.n
| tw.tn
| st, sw, swt
|
---|
- Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
|
Alternative forms edit
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sw
| | | | | |
sw | s | s | sw | st | st |
| [Middle Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [since the New Kingdom] | [Late Egyptian] | [Late Egyptian] |
| | | rare | after merger with feminine st | after merger with feminine st, by confusion with plural st |
Derived terms edit
m sg 3. proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun
- he [since the 17th Dynasty]
Usage notes edit
This form of pronoun is a proclitic that must stand at the beginning of a sentence (generally adverbial) and cannot come after any particles. It always indicates the subject of the sentence.
Inflection edit
Old Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person |
---|
masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine |
---|
suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j
| .k, .kj1
| .ṯ, .ṯn
| .f, .fj1
| .s, .sj1
|
---|
dual | .nj
| .ṯnj
| .snj
|
---|
plural | .n
| .ṯn
| .sn
|
---|
|
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | w, wj, wy
| kw, k, ṯw, ṯ
| ṯm, ṯn
| sw, s
| s
|
---|
dual | —
| ṯnj
| snj
|
---|
plural | n
| ṯn
| sn
|
---|
|
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk
| ṯwt
| ṯmt
| swt
| stt
|
---|
dual | —
| —
| ntsnj
|
---|
plural | —
| ntṯn
| ntsn, jntsn
|
---|
|
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kj, .k
| .tj, .t
| ∅, .j
| .tj, .t
|
---|
dual | — | .tjwn
| .wy, .wj
| .ty
|
---|
plural | .wn, .nw
| ∅, .w, .y, .wy
| .tj, .t
|
---|
- Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
|
Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person |
---|
masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine |
---|
suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j
| .k, .kj1
| .ṯ, .t
| .f, .fj1
| .s, .sj1
|
---|
dual2 | .nj
| .ṯnj, .tnj
| .snj
|
---|
plural | .n
| .ṯn, .tn
| .sn, .w3
|
---|
|
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | wj, w
| ṯw, tw
| ṯn, tn
| sw, st
| sj, s, st
|
---|
plural | n
| ṯn, tn
| sn, st
|
---|
|
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk
| ntk, ṯwt2
| ntṯ, ntt, ṯwt2
| ntf, swt2
| nts, swt2
|
---|
plural | jnn3
| ntṯn, nttn
| ntsn
|
---|
|
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kw
| .tj, .t, .tw3
| ∅, .w
| .tj, .t, .tw3
|
---|
plural | .wn, .wjn
| .tjwn, .tjwnj
| ∅, .w, .y
|
---|
|
proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3 | singular | tw.j
| tw.k
| tw.t
| sw
| sj, st
|
---|
plural | tw.n
| tw.tn
| st
|
---|
- Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
- Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
- Only in postclassical (Neo-Middle Egyptian) texts.
|
Late Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person |
---|
masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine |
---|
suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j
| .k, .kw
| .t
| .f, .fj
| .s, .st, .sw
|
---|
plural | .n
| .tn, .twn
| .w, .sn1
|
---|
|
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1 | singular | wj
| tw, tj
| sw, st
|
---|
plural | n, wn
| twn
| sn, st
|
---|
|
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk
| mntk, mtwk
| mntt, mtwy
| mntf
| mntst, mntjst
|
---|
plural | jnn
| mnttn
| mntw
|
---|
|
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1 | singular | .kw, .k
| .tj, .tw
| ∅, .w, .y
| .tj, .tw
|
---|
plural | .nw
| .tn
| ∅, .w, .y
|
---|
unmarked (later) | ∅, .tw
|
---|
|
proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns | singular | tw.j
| tw.k
| tw.t
| sw
| st, sw
|
---|
plural | tw.n
| tw.tn
| st, sw, swt
|
---|
- Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
|
Alternative forms edit
See under the enclitic pronoun above.
Etymology 2 edit
m
- used with an ordinal number, indicates a day of the month [since the Middle Kingdom]
- ― sw snnw ― the second day of the month
Alternative forms edit
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sw
| | | | | | | |
sw | sw | sw | sw | s | sw | sw | sw |
| | | [Middle Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [Late Period] | [Late Period] | [Late Period] |
This was the usual writing before the Late Period. |
Descendants edit
See also edit
References edit
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 51, 107, 116.
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926–1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
- Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 77
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 34
Etymology edit
Borrowed from English zoo.
Pronunciation edit
sw m (plural sŵau, not mutable)
- zoo
Derived terms edit
- fformat sw (“zoo format”)
- Sw Mynydd Cymru (“Welsh Mountain Zoo”)
Further reading edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “sw”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies