植

Translingual edit

Stroke order
Japan

Han character edit

植 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 木十月一 (DJBM), four-corner 4491₆, composition ⿰木直)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 536, character 10
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15023
Dae Jaweon: page 923, character 23
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1225, character 8
Unihan data for U+690D

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		植
2nd round simp.		𰗝

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (直) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
置	*tɯɡs
值	dɯɡs, dɯɡ
植	dɯɡs, djɯɡ
埴	tʰjɯɡs, djɯɡ
惪	*tɯːɡ
德	*tɯːɡ
稙	*tɯɡ
淔	*tʰɯɡ
直	*dɯɡ
犆	*dɯɡ
殖	*djɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯɡs, *djɯɡ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 直 (OC *dɯɡ).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhí (zhi²)
(Zhuyin): ㄓˊ
(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zi²
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Dictionary): җы (žɨ, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zik⁶
(Taishan, Dictionary): zet⁵
Gan (Dictionary): ciit⁷
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhṳ̍t
(Meixian, Guangdong): ced⁶
Jin (Dictionary): zeh⁵
Northern Min (KCR): cĭ
Eastern Min (BUC): sĭk
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): sia̍k / se̍k / si̍t / se̍t / ti̍t
(Teochew, Peng'im): sêg⁴ / sig⁸ / sêg⁸
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁸zeq
Xiang (Changsha, Dictionary): zhr⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhí
  - Zhuyin: ㄓˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhíh
  - Wade–Giles: chih²
  - Yale: jŕ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyr
  - Palladius: чжи (čži)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: zi²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: z
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Dictionary: җы (žɨ, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zik⁶
  - Yale: jihk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzik⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: jig⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɪk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Dictionary: zet⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡set̚³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Dictionary: ciit⁷
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɨt̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System: ciid
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cid⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨt̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ced⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰət̚⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Dictionary: zeh⁵
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡səʔ⁵⁴/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡si²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siʔ⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: sia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siak
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /siak̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se̍k
  - Tâi-lô: si̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sek
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɪk̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /siɪk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Changtai): /sek̚³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍t
  - Tâi-lô: si̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sit
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sit̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /sit̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sit̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Hui'an)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se̍t
  - Tâi-lô: se̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: set
  - IPA (Hui'an): /set̚²³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ti̍t
  - Tâi-lô: ti̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dit
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tit̚⁴/

Note:

sia̍k/se̍k - literary;
si̍t/se̍t - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: sêg⁴ / sig⁸ / sêg⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sek / si̍k / se̍k
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /sek̚²/, /sik̚⁴/, /sek̚⁴/

Note:

sêg4 - literary;
sig8/sêg8 - vernacular (sêg8 - Jieyang).

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁸zeq
  - MiniDict: zeh^入
  - Dictionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵zeq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zəʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Dictionary: zhr⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡sz̩²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 植
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹³/
	Tianjin	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴²/
	Qingdao	/tʃz̩⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Xi'an	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Xining	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡sz̩²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡sz̩³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡sz̩²¹/
	Kunming	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ʈ͡ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡səʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/ʈ͡ʂʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/t͡səʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/zəʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/zəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡zəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/d͡zei²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰi²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕʰi¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰɨʔ²/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰət̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/tʃʰït̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sek̚²/
	Nanning	/t͡sek̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sik̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/sik̚⁵/ /sit̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/t͡siʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡si²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/sek̚²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/t͡sek̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: driH, dzyik

Rime
Character	植	植
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	澄 (11)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	之 (19)	蒸 (134)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	直吏切	常職切
Baxter	driH	dzyik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɖɨ^H/	/d͡ʑɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖɨ^H/	/d͡ʑɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ȡie^H/	/d͡ʑiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖɨ^H/	/d͡ʑik̚/
Li Rong	/ȡiə^H/	/ʑiək̚/
Wang Li	/ȡĭə^H/	/ʑĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȡʱi^H/	/ʑi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhì	shí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zi⁶	sik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-t<r>ək-s/, /*m-t<r>ək-s/, /*m-tək/
(Zhengzhang): /*dɯɡs/, /*djɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	植	植	植
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhí	zhí	zhí
Middle Chinese	‹ dri^H ›	‹ dri^H ›	‹ dzyik ›
Old Chinese	/*N-t<r>ək-s/	/*m-t<r>ək-s/	/*m-tək/
English	grow, flourish	to plant, set upright	to plant; plants
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	植	植
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	17263	17273
Phonetic component	直	直
Rime group	代	職
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	值	寔
Old Chinese	/*dɯɡs/	/*djɯɡ/

Definitions edit

植

to plant; to grow; to cultivate
植樹／植树 ― zhíshù ― to plant trees
to set up; to establish
plant; flora
植被 ― zhíbèi ― vegetation
a surname

Synonyms edit

(to cultivate):

培植 (péizhí)
栽
栽培 (zāipéi)
栽植 (zāizhí) (chiefly to transplant)
栽種／栽种 (zāizhòng)
樹／树 (shù) (obsolete)
盤栽／盘栽 (Xiamen Hokkien, chiefly to transplant, Zhangzhou Hokkien, chiefly to transplant)
移栽 (yízāi) (chiefly to transplant)
種／种 (zhòng)
種植／种植 (zhòngzhí)
種樹／种树 (zhòngshù) (Classical Chinese)

(to set up):

倡辦／倡办 (chàngbàn)
創下／创下 (chuàngxià)
創制／创制 (chuàngzhì)
創建／创建 (chuàngjiàn)
創立／创立 (chuànglì)
創興／创兴 (chuàngxīng) (literary)
創設／创设 (chuàngshè)
創辦／创办 (chuàngbàn)
建立 (jiànlì)
建置 (jiànzhì)
成立 (chénglì)
搭建 (dājiàn)
施設／施设 (shīshè) (literary)
樹立／树立 (shùlì)
確立／确立 (quèlì)
立下 (lìxià)
組建／组建 (zǔjiàn)
興辦／兴办 (xīngbàn)
設／设 (shè)
設立／设立 (shèlì)
開創／开创 (kāichuàng)
開基／开基 (kāijī) (literary)
開建／开建 (kāijiàn)
開設／开设 (kāishè)
開辦／开办 (kāibàn)

(plant):

株 (zhū)
植株 (zhízhū)
植物 (zhíwù)
植被 (zhíbèi)
歲物／岁物 (suìwù) (literary)
綠色植物／绿色植物 (lǜsè zhíwù)
花卉 (huāhuì)
花草 (huācǎo)
草木 (cǎomù)

Compounds edit

下等植物
人工植牙
動植物／动植物 (dòngzhíwù)
卵子移植
原生植物
單花植物／单花植物
器官移植 (qìguān yízhí)
培植 (péizhí)
孢子植物 (bāozǐ zhíwù)
室內植物／室内植物
密植 (mìzhí)
寄生植物
常綠植物／常绿植物
庭園植物／庭园植物
弱植
心臟移植／心脏移植
懶人植物／懒人植物
手植
扶植 (fúzhí)
捕蟲植物／捕虫植物
攀緣植物／攀缘植物
旱性植物
曹植
有毒植物
木本植物
栽培植物
栽植 (zāizhí)
植基
植床
植株 (zhízhū)
植樹／植树 (zhíshù)
植樹節／植树节
植牙
植物 (zhíwù)
植物人 (zhíwùrén)
植物園／植物园 (zhíwùyuán)
植物學／植物学 (zhíwùxué)
植物油 (zhíwùyóu)
植物激素
植物纖維／植物纤维
植物群落 (zhíwù qúnluò)
植物誌／植物志
植物馴化／植物驯化
植皮手術／植皮手术
植群
植耳
植苗
植被 (zhíbèi)
植足
植髮／植发 (zhífà)
植黨／植党
植黨營私／植党营私
歸化植物／归化植物
水生植物 (shuǐshēng zhíwù)
浮生植物
溫帶植物／温带植物
潘植
球根植物
皮下移植
移植 (yízhí)
種植／种植 (zhòngzhí)
種植義齒／种植义齿
等高種植／等高种植
綠色植物／绿色植物 (lǜsè zhíwù)
纖維植物／纤维植物
肆奸植黨
胎生植物
腐植土
腐植質／腐植质
腐生植物
苔蘚植物／苔藓植物 (táixiǎn zhíwù)
草本植物 (cǎoběn zhíwù)
著生植物
葉狀植物／叶状植物
蔓生植物
蕨類植物／蕨类植物
藤本植物
藥用植物／药用植物
藻菌植物
蘚苔植物／藓苔植物
被子植物 (bèizǐzhíwù)
裸子植物 (luǒzǐzhíwù)
觀葉植物／观叶植物
觀賞植物／观赏植物
誤植／误植 (wùzhí)
附生植物
陰地植物／阴地植物
陰性植物／阴性植物
陽性植物／阳性植物
隱花植物／隐花植物
顯花植物／显花植物
飛潛動植／飞潜动植
食蟲植物／食虫植物
骨髓移植 (gǔsuǐ yízhí)
高山植物
高等植物
鹽生植物／盐生植物

References edit

“植”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

植

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

plant

Readings edit

Go-on: じき (jiki)
Kan-on: しょく (shoku, Jōyō); ち (chi)
Kan’yō-on: ちょく (choku)
Kun: うえる (ueru, 植える, Jōyō); うわる (uwaru, 植わる, Jōyō); たてる (tateru, 植てる)

The reading ちょく is preferred in the typesetting/printing industry for words such as, and related to, 植字.

Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

Hanja edit

植 (eumhun 심을 식 (simeul sik))

Hanja form^? of 식 (“to plant”).

Compounds edit

식물 (植物, singmul, “plant”)

Etymology 2 edit

Hanja edit

植 (eumhun 둘 치 (dul chi))

(obsolete) Alternative form of 置 (“Hanja form^? of 치 (“to put”).”)

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

植: Hán Nôm readings: thực

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