鹵素,第七主族諸元素統稱也,皆非金屬。意曰「可成鹽素」,故一譯造鹽質。氟、氯、溴、碘、砹五者,俱屬之。常以化合態存於天地。
9 F 氟 | |
17 Cl 氯 | |
35 Br 溴 | |
53 I 碘 | |
85 At 砹 |
氟、氯皆為氣也。氟,色微黃,性甚烈,無可儲存,惟鎳鉻有茲護層,可貯氟也。氯,色黃綠,蝕性強,有毒,常化合鈉為食鹽,存於海中。
溴,色棕紅,液相,性亦烈,強於腐蝕。溶於水則成溴水,色橙紅。
碘,色紫,固相。微溶於水,成碘水,色黃。易溶於乙醇、苯、四氯甲烷,色紫。
砹者,衰變甚速,存不足日,難以究。
新造元素「石畾」者,或亦鹵素,待考。
凡鹵素者,常化合於金屬,而成鹽,存於大海。鹽者,離子化合物也。
若化合於氫,則為鹵化氫,溶於水則為氫鹵酸也。
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