葉卡捷琳娜二世(俄語 Екатерина II)者,又譯凱薩琳二世。諱葉卡捷琳娜·阿列克謝耶芙娜,普魯士人,俄皇彼得三世之后也。生於西曆一七二九年五月二日,崩於一七九六年十一月十七日。葉氏少惠敏,涉書史,通識時變。及長,以普魯士公主和親俄國,配皇太子彼得,為太子妃。女皇伊麗莎白薨,彼得即皇帝位,冊立葉氏為皇后。當是時,彼得不慧,為政昏亂,威柄乃漸操於葉氏。一七六二年七月,葉氏矯發近衛兵眾殺彼得其黨,自率兵趨宮城,廢彼得為庶人,旋賜死。彼得既歿,葉氏遂稱帝號於莫斯科,號「葉卡捷琳娜二世」。
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