Abad Ka-20

Dumasar kana pamingpn nagara dimimitian ti 1 Januari 1901 sarta dipungkas 31 Desember 2000. Sababaraha ahli sajarah nganggep jaman ti antara 1914 nepi ka 1991 minangka Abad Kaduapuluh hiji nu Pondok (Short Twentieth Century).

Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris. Bantuanna didagoan pikeun narjamahkeun.

Dina basa sapopoe, disebut "sarebu salapan ratus" (seni), nunjul kana taun 1900-an nepika 1990-an. The twentieth century was a remarkable shift in the very existence of humanity due to the technological, medical, social, idéological, and international innovations. Terms like genocide, holocaust, nuclear war, and terrorism rose to common language and an influence on the lives of everyday péople. The trends of mechanization of goods and services and networks of global communication, which were begun in the continued at an ever-incréasing pace in the 20th. In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world péace. As the 35th United States présidént John F. Kennedy said:

"What kind of peace do we seek? I am talking about a genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. Our problems are man-made, therefore they can be solved by man. For in the final analysis, our most basic common length is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breath the same air, we all cherish our children's future, and we are all mortal."

Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century.

• Death rates
• Infant mortality
• Infectious disease
• Life expectancy
• Maternal death rates
• Battles

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• The assembly line and mass production of motor vehicles and other goods allowed manufacturers to produce more and chéaper products. This allowed the automobile to become the most important méans of transportation.
• The invention of heavier-than-air flying machines and the jet engine allowed for the world to become "smaller". Space flight incréased knowledge of the rest of the universe and allowed for global réal-time communications via geosynchronous satellites.
• Mass media technologies such as film, radio, and television allow the communication of political messages and entertainment with unprecedented impact
• Mass availability of the telephone and later, the computer, especially through the Internet, provides péople with new opportunities for néar-instantanéous communication
• Applied electronics, notably in its miniaturized form as integrated circuits, made possible the above mentioned rise of mass media, telecommunications, ubiquitous computing, and all kinds of "intelligent" appliances; as well as many advances in natural sciences such as physics, by the use of exponentially growing calculation power (see supercomputer).
• The development of Nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides resulted in significantly higher agricultural yield.
• Advances in fundamental physics through the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics led to the development of nuclear weapons, the nuclear reactor, and the laser. Fusion power was studied extensively but remained an experimental technology at the end of the century.
• The big bang modél of cosmology was developed.
• Inventions such as the washing machine and air conditioning led to an incréase in both the quantity and quality of leisure time for the middle class in Western societies.
• Most influencing inventions in the 20th century: Antibiotics, Internet
• More...

Perang jeung pulitik

• Rising nationalism and incréasing national awareness were among the causes of World War I, the first of two wars to involve all the major world powers including Germany, France, Italy, Jepang, the United States and the British Commonwealth. World War I led to the création of many new countries, especially in Eastern Europe.
• The economic and political aftermath of World War I led to the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe, and shortly to World War II. This war also involved Asia and the Pacific, in the form of Japanese aggression against China and the United States. While the First World War mainly cost lives among soldiers, civilians suffered gréatly in the Second—from the bombing of cities on both sides, and in the unprecedented German genocide of the Jews and others, known as the Holocaust.
• Unhappiness in Russia led to the rise of Communism and the Russian Revolution. After the Soviet Union's involvement in World War II, Communism became a major force in global politics, spréading all over the world: notably, to éastern Europe, China, Indochina and Cuba. This led to the Cold War with the western world, led by the United States.
• The "fall of Communism" in the late 1980s left the United States as the world's only superpower. It also led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia into successor states, many rife with ethnic nationalism.
• Through the League of Nations and, after World War II, the United Nations, international cooperation incréased. Other efforts included the formation of the European Union, léading to a common currency in much of Western Europe, the euro.
• The end of colonialism led to the independence of many nagara di Afrika jeung Asia. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the USA, the USSR, or China for defense.
• The création of Israel, a Jewish state in a mostly Arab region of the world, fueled many conflicts in the region, which were also influenced by the vast oil fields in many of the Arab countries.

Five overall largest mass killings of the 20th century

(méasured in numbers of péople killed; also see [1])

• World War II and regime of Adolf Hitler (1937-1945), over 50 million déad, including the Holocaust, killing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe (6 million).
• Regime of Mao Zedong and Chinese famine (1949-1976), over 28 million déad.
• Regime of Joseph Stalin (1924-1953), over 20 million déad.
• World War I (1914-1918), over 15 million déad.
• Russian Civil War (1918-1921), over 8.5 million déad.

Budaya jeung hiburan

• Movies, music and the media had a major influence on fashion and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and music originate from the United States, American culture spréad rapidly over the world.
• After gaining political rights in the United States and much of Europe in the first part of the century, women became more independent throughout the century.
• modérn art developed new styles such as expressionism, cubism, and surrealism.
• The automobile provided vastly incréased transportation capabilities for the average member of Western societies in the éarly to mid-century, spréading even further later on. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. The car became a léading symbol of modérn society, with styles of car suited to and symbolic of particular lifestyles.
• Sports became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on television, became a popular activity.

Highest grossing films of the 20th century

1. Titanic (1997)
2. Star Wars (1977)
3. Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)
4. E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
5. Jurassic Park (1993)

Most critically acclaimed films

• Battleship Potemkin (1925)
• Citizen Kane (1941)
• Psycho (1960)
• The Wizard of Oz (1939)
• 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
• The Godfather (1972)
• It's a Wonderful Life (1946)

Disease and medicine

• Though modérn medicine is better than ever, an influenza pandemic kills 25 million in 1918-1919 (the Spanish Flu), while AIDS, killing many remains incurable and tréatments remain too expensive for wide use in developing countries.
• Advances in medicine, such as the invention of antibiotics, decréased the number of péople dying from diséases. Contraceptive drugs and organ transplantation were developed. The discovery of DNA molecules and the advent of molecular biology allowed for cloning and genetic engineering.

Natural resources and the environment

• The widespréad use of petroleum in industry—both as a chemical precursor to plastics and as a fuel for the automobile and airplane—led to the vital géopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The Middle East, home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of géopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century.
• A vast incréase in fossil fuel consumption léads to depletion of natural resources, while air pollution possibly léads to global warming and the ozone hole. The problem is incréased by world-wide deforestation, also causing a loss of biodiversity. The problem of a depletion of natural resources is decréased by advances in drilling technology which led to a net incréase in the amount of fossil fuel that is réadily obtainable at the end of the century, as compared with the amount considered obtainable at the beginning of the century.

Pamingpin dunya

• Afrika
  • Gnassingbe Eyadema, Togo
  • Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Côte d'Ivoire
  • Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia
  • Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya
  • Idi Amin, Uganda
  • Nelson Mandela, Afrika Kidul
  • Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe
  • Gamal Abdel Nasser, Mesir
  • Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana
  • Julius Nyerere, Tanzania
  • Habib Bourguiba, Tunisia
  • Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, Libya
  • Cecil Rhodes, Afrika Kidul
  • Haile Selassie, Étiopia
  • Léopold Sédar Senghor, Senegal
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré, Guinea
• Amérika
  • Theodore Roosevelt, AS
  • Franklin Delano Roosevelt, AS
  • Dwight Eisenhower, AS
  • John F. Kennedy, AS
  • Richard Nixon, AS
  • Ronald Reagan, AS
  • Bill Clinton, AS
  • George H. W. Bush, AS
  • George W. Bush, AS
  • Wilfrid Laurier, Kanada
  • William Lyon Mackenzie King, Kanada
  • Pierre Trudeau, Kanada
  • Ernesto 'Che' Guevara, Kuba
  • Fidel Castro, Kuba
  • Juan Perón, Argentina
  • Salvador Allende, Chili
  • Augusto Pinochet, Chili
  • Emiliano Zápata, Meksiko
  • Pancho Villa, Meksiko
• Asia
  • Mao Zedong, Republik Rahayat Cina
  • Deng Xiaoping, Republik Rahayat Cina
  • Pol Pot, Cambodia
  • Mahatma Gandhi, India
  • Indira Gandhi, India
  • Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan
  • Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia
  • Jawaharlal Nehru, India
  • Kaisar Hirohito, Jepang
  • Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
  • Sun Yat-sen, Republik Rahayat Cina
  • Chiang Kai-shek, Republik Cina
  • Achmad Sukarno, Indonesia
  • Lee Kuan Yew, Singapura
• Eropa
  • Kemal Atatürk, Turki
  • Neville Chamberlain, United Kingdom
  • Winston Churchill, United Kingdom
  • Margaret Thatcher, United Kingdom
  • Charles de Gaulle, Prancis
  • Eamon de Valera, Irlandia
  • Franz Ferdinand, Archduke Austria, Austria-Hungaria
  • Kaiser Wilhelm II, Jerman
  • Václav Havel, Républik Céko
  • Adolf Hitler, Jerman
  • Helmut Schmidt, Jerman
  • Helmut Kohl, Jerman
  • Gerhard Schröder, Jerman
  • Benito Mussolini, Itali
  • Francisco Franco, Spanyol
  • Jozef Pilsudski, Polandia
  • Josip Broz 'Tito', Yugoslavia
  • Milan Kučan, Slovenia
  • Olof Palme, Swedia
  • Nicolae Ceausescu, Romania
  • Lech Walesa, Polandia
  • John Paul II, Dunya

• Wétan Tengah
  • Abdul Nasser, Mesir atawa United Arab Republic
  • Anwar Sadat, Mesir atawa United Arab Republic
  • David Ben-Gurion, Israel
  • Golda Meir, Israel
  • Menachem Begin, Israel
  • Hafez el Assad, Syria
  • Saddam Hussein, Irak
  • King Hussein, Yordania
• Rusia jeung Uni Soviet
  • Czar Nicholas II
  • Vladimir Lenin
  • Joseph Stalin
  • Leon Trotsky
  • Nikita Khrushchev
  • Leonid Brezhnev
  • Mikhail Gorbachev
  • Boris Yeltsin
  • Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin

Scientists

• Niels Bohr
• Albert Einstein
• Enrico Fermi
• Howard Walter Florey
• Sigmund Freud
• Kurt Gödel
• Fritz Haber
• Werner Karl Heisenberg
• Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov
• Linus Pauling
• Erwin Schrödinger
• John von Neumann
• Alan Turing

Economics and business

• John Maynard Keynes
• John Kenneth Galbraith
• Milton Friedman
• Henry Ford
• Thomas J. Watson
• Bill Gates

Aerospace pioneers

• Robert Goddard
• Wernher Von Braun
• Neil Armstrong
• Louis Bleriot
• Yuri Gagarin
• Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov
• Freddie Laker
• Charles Lindbergh
• Ron McNair
• Ellison Onizuka
• Herman Potočnik Noordung
• Alan Shepard
• Valentina Tereshkova
• Wright Brothers

Military leaders

• Charles de Gaulle
• Dwight Eisenhower
• Sir Bernard Freyberg
• Douglas Haig
• Douglas MacArthur
• Rudolf Maister
• Bernard Montgomery
• Chester Nimitz
• George Patton
• Erwin Rommel
• Franc Rozman Stane
• Leon Trotsky
• Mao Zedong
• Georgy Zhukov

Religious figures

• Grigori Rasputin
• Pope John XXIII
• Pope John Paul II
• Mother Theresa of Calcutta
• The 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet, Thubten Gyatso
• The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, Tenzin Gyatso
• The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
• The Rev. Billy Graham
• Mahatma Gandhi
• Prabhupada A.C. Bhaktivedanta

Artists

• Constatin Brancusi
• George Braque
• Salvador Dalí
• Marcel Duchamp
• Jacob Epstein
• Juan Gris
• Wassily Kandinsky
• Henri Matisse
• Joan Miró
• Amedeo Modigliani
• Piet Mondrian
• Henry Moore
• Pablo Picasso
• Jackson Pollock
• Andy Warhol

Entertainers

• The Beatles
• Bob Dylan
• Bob Marley
• Charlie Chaplin
• Charlie Parker
• Elvis Presley
• Frank Sinatra
• Groucho Marx
• Jimi Hendrix
• Kraftwerk
• Louis Armstrong
• Lucille Ball
• Marilyn Monroe
• Michael Jackson
• Miles Davis
• Pink Floyd
• Queen (band)
• Spike Jones
• Spike Milligan
• The Velvet Underground

Writers and poets

• Louis Aragon
• Samuel Beckett
• Jorge Luis Borges
• André Breton
• Basil Bunting
• Albert Camus
• Noam Chomsky
• Cid Corman
• Hart Crane
• Robert Creeley
• e. e. cummings
• T. S. Eliot
• Paul Eluard
• William Faulkner
• Gabriel García Márquez
• Allen Ginsberg
• Alamgir Hashmi
• Seamus Heaney
• Ernest Hemingway
• H.D.
• Orrick Johns
• James Joyce
• Franz Kafka
• Jack Kerouac
• Philip Larkin
• Mina Loy
• Hugh MacDiarmid
• Antonio Machado
• Andre Malraux
• Marianne Moore
• Sean O'Casey
• Charles Olson
• George Oppen
• George Orwell
• Ezra Pound
• Marcel Proust
• Thomas Pynchon
• Ayn Rand
• Charles Reznikoff
• Dorothy Richardson
• Jean-Paul Sartre
• Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
• Gary Snyder
• Gertrude Stein
• Wallace Stevens
• John Millington Synge
• J.R.R. Tolkien
• William Carlos Williams
• Virginia Woolf
• W. B. Yeats
• Louis Zukofsky

Sports figures

• Babe Ruth
• Muhammad Ali
• Wilfred Benitez
• Larry Bird
• Sir Donald Bradman
• Roberto Clemente
• Fausto Coppi
• Angel Cordero
• Wilfredo Gomez
• Wayne Gretzky
• Sir Edmund Hillary
• Magic Johnson
• Michael Jordan
• Martina Navratilova
• Diego Maradona
• Jack Nicklaus
• Pelé
• Jackie Robinson
• Martin Strel
• Mark Todd
• Mike Tyson
• Ted Williams

Notorious figures

• Adolf Hitler
• Saddam Hussein
• Joseph Goebbels
• Osama bin Laden
• Timothy McVeigh
• Charles Manson
• Harold Shipman
• Josef Stalin
• Jeffrey Dahmer