乂

Translingual edit

Stroke order

Han character edit

乂 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大 (K) or 難大 (XK), four-corner 4000₀, composition ⿻丿㇏)

Derived characters edit

爻, 冈, 艾, 㲼, 刈, 䢃

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 81, character 10
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 111
Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 31, character 3
Unihan data for U+4E42

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		乂

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 乂

Shang

Western Zhou

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Oracle bone script**
j26552

**Small seal script**
s09374	s10920

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L19486	L19487

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (乂) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
艾	ŋaːds, ŋads
鴱	ŋaːds, ŋads
餀	*hŋaːds
刈	*ŋads
乂	*ŋads

Pictogram (象形) — a tool similar to a knife (Li Xueqing, 2012).

Etymology edit

Sense "regulate, govern, orderly" is derived from "to mow, cut, reap"; this sense's origin is ambiguous, possibly from "to cut" > "to trim", etc. (Schuessler, 2007). If so, see 刈 (yì) for etymology.

Alternatively, from 禦／御 (yù) (ibid.)

Pronunciation 1 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaai⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yì
  - Wade–Giles: i⁴
  - Yale: yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
  - Palladius: и (i)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngaai⁶
  - Yale: ngaaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngai⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːi̯²²/

Middle Chinese: ngjojH

Rime
Character	乂
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	廢 (27)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚肺切
Baxter	ngjojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨɐi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋiɐi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɐi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨaj^H/
Li Rong	/ŋiɐi^H/
Wang Li	/ŋĭɐi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯ɐi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngai⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋa[t]-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*ŋads/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	乂	乂
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yì	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjoj^H ›	‹ ngjoj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*ŋa[t]-s/	/*ŋa[t]-s/
English	mow, cut (v.)	mow; regulate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	乂
Reading #	1/1
No.	14957
Phonetic component	乂
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	刈
Old Chinese	/*ŋads/

Definitions edit

乂

Original form of 刈 (yì, “to weed; to mow”).
to govern; to control; to manage; to regulate
- 時則物有間之，自一話一言，我則末，維成德之彥，以乂我受民。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  时则物有间之，自一话一言，我则末，维成德之彦，以乂我受民。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE
  Shí zé wù yǒu jiān zhī, zì yīhuàyīyán, wǒ zé mò, wéi chéngdé zhī yàn, yǐ yì wǒ shòu mín. [Pinyin]
  Sometimes things will interfere. Then stick to your words and your speech, and let us be thinking of officers of complete virtues, and to regulate the people whom we have received.
to nurture

Compounds edit

乂安 (yì'ān)
俊乂
俾乂

Pronunciation 2 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): ài (ai⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaai⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: ài
  - Zhuyin: ㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ài
  - Wade–Giles: ai⁴
  - Yale: ài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ay
  - Palladius: ай (aj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngaai⁶
  - Yale: ngaaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngai⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːi̯²²/

Definitions edit

乂

to discipline; to punish

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

乂

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings edit

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: がい (gai)
Kun: かる (karu, 乂る); おさめる (osameru, 乂める)^{←をさめる (wosameru, 乂める, historical)}; おさまる (osamaru, 乂まる)^{←をさまる (wosamaru, 乂まる, historical)}; やしなう (yashinau, 乂う)^{←やしなふ (yasinafu, 乂ふ, historical)}; さびい (sabii, 乂い); こらす (korasu, 乂らす)

Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

Hanja edit

乂 (eumhun 벨 예 (bel ye))
乂 (eumhun 다스릴 예 (daseuril ye))

(obsolete) Hanja form^? of 예 (“to weed; to mow”).
(obsolete) Alternative form of 刈 (“Hanja form^? of 예 (“to weed; to mow”).”)
(obsolete) Hanja form^? of 예 (“to govern; to control; to manage”).
(obsolete) Alternative form of 艾 (“Hanja form^? of 예 (“to govern; to control; to manage”).”)

Etymology 2 edit

Hanja edit

乂 (eumhun 징계할 애 (jinggyehal ae))

(obsolete) Hanja form^? of 애 (“to discipline; to punish”).

References edit

Naver Hanja Dictionary: 乂

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

乂: Hán Nôm readings: nghệ, ngải

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References edit

Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)