Electron

An electron is a very small piece of matter. Its symbol is e−, and it was discovered by J. J. Thomson in 1897. The electron is a subatomic particle. Every...

An electron microscope is a scientific instrument which uses a beam of electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale. In an optical microscope, the...

An electron transport chain (ETC) is how a cell gets energy from sunlight in photosynthesis. Electron transport chains also occur in reduction/oxidation...

A free-electron laser, or FEL, is a laser that produces a very bright beam of light. It is basically a super flashlight. It shares the same optical properties...

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons in producing a variety of signals...

In chemistry, valence electrons are the electrons in the outside or valence electron shell of an atom. They determine the valency of the atom which is...

An electron shell, or main energy level, is the part of an atom where electrons are found orbiting the atom's nucleus. In chemistry and atomic physics...

An electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons within an atom. The electron configuration describes where the electrons are inside orbitals...

Electron cloud is an informal way to describe an atomic orbital. The electron cloud is not really a thing. An electron cloud model is different from the...

The electron-volt or electron volt, symbol eV, is used to measure energy. It is defined as the amount of energy an electron gains after being accelerated...

Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). This method works...

An electron hole (often simply called a hole) is the absence or lack of an electron where an electron would normally be in an atom. Because electrons are...

Electron affinity is a phrase used in chemistry. When an atom that is neutral gets an electron, the energy that is changed in the atom is the electron...

Auger electron spectroscopy is a way of telling what chemical elements are at the surface of an object. When an electron is removed from a core level of...

In chemistry, a delocalized electron is an electron in a molecule, ion or solid metal that is not associated with a single atom or a covalent bond. The...

The electron neutrino ( ν ) is an elementary particle which has zero electric charge and a spin of 1⁄2. Together with the electron, it forms the first...

Lewis-dot diagrams or electron dot diagrams or Lewis dot structure are pictures that show the bonding between a pair of electrons and the atoms of a molecule...

Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove the most loosely attached electron from an atom. The atom is not connected to any other atoms. The chemical...

neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons have much more mass. These are in the middle of the atom, called the nucleus. Lightweight electrons move quickly...

have electrons in the first seven electron shells. All period 7 elements have one or more electrons in the seventh electron shell (valence electrons). When...