Prave Žabe

Prave žabe
	Livadska žaba, Rana temporaria
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Amphibia
Red:	Anura
Podred:	Neobatrachia
Natporodica:	Ranoidea
Porodica:	Ranidae; Rafinesque, 1814
Podfamilije
	Pogledajte tekst
Sinonimi
	Ceratobatrachidae; Dicroglossidae; Micrixalidae; Nyctibatrachidae; Petropedetidae; Phrynobatrachidae; Ptychadenidae; Pyxicephalidae; Ranixalidae;

One su izobilno zastupljene širom najvećeg dela sveta, uključujući sve kontinente izuzev Antarktika. Prave žabe su prisutne u Severnoj Americi, severnoj Južnoj Americi, Evropi, Africi (uključujući Madagaskar), i Aziji. Azijski opseg se proteže širom Istočne Indije do Nove Gvineje, i jedna vrsta (Australijska šumska žaba (Hylarana daemelii)) se proširila u severnu Australiju.

Tipično, prave su žabe glatke i vlažne kože, sa velikim, snažnim nogama i širokim stopalima. Prave žabe jako variraju u veličini, u rasponu od sitnih - poput šumske žabe (Lithobates silvatica) - do najveće žabe na svetu, goliatske žabe (Conraua goliath).

Mnoge prave žabe su vodene ili žive blizu vode. Većina vrsta polaže svoja jaja u vodu i prolazi kroz stadijum punoglavaca. Međutim, kao i kod većine porodica žaba, postoji velika varijacija staništa unutar porodice. One iz roda Tomopterna riju jazbine i potiču iz Afrike, mada pokazuju većinu karakteristika koje su zajedničke žabama širom sveta. Postoje i vrste pravih žaba koje obitavaju na stablima, a porodica uključuje i neke od retkih vodozemaca koji mogu da žive u braktičnoj vodi.

Sistematika

Potpodele familije Ranidae su još uvek predmet rasprava, mada se po mnogim pitanjima uspostavlja saglasnost. Većina autora smatra da je potfamilija Petropedetinae zapravo posebna porodica zvana Petropedetidae. Validnost Cacosterninae takođe je osporavana; ona se obično spaja u Petropedetinae, ali kada se potonja smatraju posebnom porodicom, Cacosterninae se takođe navodi kao bar podspecifična određenost, a ponekad se u celosti razdvajaju. Ipak, danas postoji opšta saglasnost da Mantellidae, koja je se ranije smatrana još jednom ranidnom potfamom, formira posebnu porodicu. Odnedavno je takođe prisutan trend odvajanja žaba sa razdvojenim jezicima u zasebnu porodicu Dicroglossidae.

Pored toga, za razgraničenje i valjanost nekoliko rodova potrebno je više istraživanja (mada je u poslednjih nekoliko godina postignut veliki napredak). Naime, da bi se ogromni rod Rana najbolje rastavio potrebno je više proučavanja. Iako je odcepljivanje nekoliko rodova - poput Pelophylax - prilično nesporno, američka bikovska žaba koja je ranije razdvojena u Lithobates i grupe kao što su Babina ili Nidirana predstavljaju daleko spornije slučajeve.

Incertae sedis

Brojni taksoni su smavljeni u Ranidae usled incertae sedis, drugim rečima njihov taksonomski status je suviše neizvestan da bi bila moguća specifičnija alokacija. Rhacophorus depressus je ranije bio uvršten u Ranidae, ali mu je sad dodeljena zasebna familija.

Potfamilije

Potfamilije pod Ranidae, koje se sa obično tretiraju kao zaseben familije, su:

Ceratobatrachinae (Malezija, filipini, Borneo, Papua Nova Gvineja, Bizmarkov arhipelag)
Conrauinae (Afrika)
Dicroglossinae
Micrixalinae (Indija)
Nyctibatrachinae (Zapadni Gati, Indija; Šri Lanka)
Petropedetinae (Afrika)
Ptychadeninae (uglavnom Afrika)
Raninae (kosmopolitska izuzev većeg dela Australije i Južne Amerike)
Ranixalinae (Indija)

Rodovi

Afrana
Allopaa Ohler & Dubois, 2006
Amietia
Amolops
Anhydrophryne
Arthroleptella
Arthroleptides
Aubria
Babina (ponekad se uvrštava u Rana)
Batrachylodes
Cacosternum
Ceratobatrachus
Chaparana
Chrysopaa Ohler & Dubois, 2006
Clinotarsus Mivart 1869 (ranije u Rana, obuhvata Nasirana)
Conraua
Dimorphognathus
Discodeles
Ericabatrachus
Euphlyctis
Fejervarya (ranije u Rana, parafiletična)
Glandirana (ranije u Rana)
Hildebrandtia
Hoplobatrachus
Huia (parafiletična)
Hylarana Tschudi 1838 (ranije u Rana)
Humerana
Indirana
Ingerana
Lankanectes
Lanzarana
Limnonectes
Lithobates (ranije u Rana)
Meristogenys (možda pripada u Huia)
Micrixalus
Microbatrachella
Minervarya
Nannophrys
Nanorana
Natalobatrachus
Nothophryne
Nyctibatrachus
Occidozyga
Odorrana (Ranije u Rana)
Paa
Palmatorappia
Pelophylax Fitzinger 1843 (ranije u Rana, verovatno parafiletična)
Petropedetes
Phrynobatrachus
Phrynodon
Platymantis
Pseudoamolops
Poyntonia
Pterorana
Ptychadena
Pyxicephalus
Rana
Sanguirana (ranije u Rana)
Sphaerotheca
Staurois
Strongylopus
Tomopterna

Vrste

Amolops aniqiaoensis Dong, Rao and Lü in Zhao, Rao, Lu and Dong, 2005
Amolops archotaphus (Inger and Chan-ard, 1997)
Amolops assamensis Sengupta, Hussain, Choudhury, Gogoi, Ahmed and Choudhury, 2008
Amolops bellulus Liu, Yang, Ferraris and Matsui, 2000
Amolops caelumnoctis Rao and Wilkinson, 2007
Amolops chakrataensis Ray, 1992
Amolops chunganensis (Pope, 1929)
Amolops compotrix (Bain, Stuart and Orlov, 2006)
Amolops cremnobatus Inger and Kottelat, 1998
Amolops cucae (Bain, Stuart and Orlov, 2006)
Amolops daiyunensis (Liu and Hu, 1975)
Amolops formosus (Günther, 1876)
Amolops gerbillus (Annandale, 1912)
Amolops granulosus (Liu and Hu, 1961)
Amolops hainanensis (Boulenger, 1900)
Amolops himalayanus (Boulenger, 1888)
Amolops hongkongensis (Pope and Romer, 1951)
Amolops iriodes (Bain and Nguyen, 2004)
Amolops jaunsari Ray, 1992
Amolops jinjiangensis Su, Yang and Li, 1986
Amolops kangtingensis (Liu, 1950)
Amolops kaulbacki (Smith, 1940)
Amolops larutensis (Boulenger, 1899)
Amolops liangshanensis (Wu and Zhao, 1984)
Amolops lifanensis (Liu, 1945)
Amolops loloensis (Liu, 1950)
Amolops longimanus (Andersson, 1939)
Amolops mantzorum (David, 1872)
Amolops marmoratus (Blyth, 1855)
Amolops medogensis Li and Rao in Zhao, Rao, Lu and Dong, 2005
Amolops mengyangensis Wu and Tian, 1995
Amolops minutus Orlov and Ho, 2007
Amolops monticola (Anderson, 1871)
Amolops panhai Matsui and Nabhitabhata, 2006
Amolops ricketti (Boulenger, 1899)
Amolops spinapectoralis Inger, Orlov and Darevsky, 1999
Amolops splendissimus Orlov and Ho, 2007
Amolops torrentis (Smith, 1923)
Amolops tuberodepressus Liu and Yang, 2000
Amolops viridimaculatus (Jiang, 1983)
Amolops vitreus (Bain, Stuart and Orlov, 2006)
Amolops wuyiensis (Liu and Hu, 1975)
Babina adenopleura (Boulenger, 1909)
Babina caldwelli (Schmidt, 1925)
Babina chapaensis (Bourret, 1937)
Babina daunchina (Chang, 1933)
Babina holsti (Boulenger, 1892)
Babina lini (Chou, 1999)
Babina okinavana (Boettger, 1895)
Babina pleuraden (Boulenger, 1904)
Babina subaspera (Barbour, 1908)
Clinotarsus alticola (Boulenger, 1882)
Clinotarsus curtipes (Jerdon, 1854)
Glandirana emeljanovi (Nikolskii, 1913)
Glandirana minima (Ting and T'sai, 1979)
Glandirana rugosa (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
Glandirana tientaiensis (Chang, 1933)
Huia cavitympanum (Boulenger, 1893)
Huia masonii (Boulenger, 1884)
Huia modiglianii (Doria, Salvidio and Tavano, 1999)
Huia sumatrana Yang, 1991
Humerana humeralis (Boulenger, 1887)
Humerana miopus (Boulenger, 1918)
Humerana oatesii (Boulenger, 1892)
Hylarana albolabris (Hallowell, 1856)
Hylarana albotuberculata (Inger, 1954)
Hylarana amnicola Perret, 1977
Hylarana arfaki (Meyer, 1875)
Hylarana asperrima Perret, 1977
Hylarana attigua (Inger, Orlov and Darevsky, 1999)
Hylarana aurantiaca (Boulenger, 1904)
Hylarana aurata (Günther, 2003)
Hylarana banjarana (Leong and Lim, 2003)
Hylarana baramica (Boettger, 1900)
Hylarana celebensis (Peters, 1872)
Hylarana chalconota (Schlegel, 1837)
Hylarana chitwanensis (Das, 1998)
Hylarana crassiovis (Boulenger, 1920)
Hylarana cubitalis (Smith, 1917)
Hylarana daemeli (Steindachner, 1868)
Hylarana darlingi (Boulenger, 1902)
Hylarana debussyi (Van Kampen, 1910)
Hylarana elberti (Roux, 1911)
Hylarana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837)
Hylarana eschatia (Inger, Stuart and Iskandar, 2009)
Hylarana everetti (Boulenger, 1882)
Hylarana faber (Ohler, Swan and Daltry, 2002)
Hylarana florensis (Boulenger, 1897)
Hylarana fonensis (Rödel and Bangoura, 2004)
Hylarana galamensis (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)
Hylarana garoensis (Boulenger, 1920)
Hylarana garritor (Menzies, 1987)
Hylarana glandulosa (Boulenger, 1882)
Hylarana gracilis (Gravenhorst, 1829)
Hylarana grandocula (Taylor, 1920)
Hylarana grisea (Van Kampen, 1913)
Hylarana guentheri (Boulenger, 1882)
Hylarana hekouensis Fei, Ye, Jiang and Xie, 2008
Hylarana igorota (Taylor, 1922)
Hylarana jimiensis (Tyler, 1963)
Hylarana kampeni (Boulenger, 1920)
Hylarana kreffti (Boulenger, 1882)
Hylarana labialis (Boulenger, 1887)
Hylarana laterimaculata (Barbour and Noble, 1916)
Hylarana latouchii (Boulenger, 1899)
Hylarana lemairei (De Witte, 1921)
Hylarana leptoglossa (Cope, 1868)
Hylarana lepus (Andersson, 1903)
Hylarana longipes (Perret, 1960)
Hylarana luctuosa (Peters, 1871)
Hylarana luzonensis (Boulenger, 1896)
Hylarana macrodactyla Günther, 1858
Hylarana macrops (Boulenger, 1897)
Hylarana malabarica (Tschudi, 1838)
Hylarana mangyanum (Brown and Guttman, 2002)
Hylarana maosonensis Bourret, 1937
Hylarana margariana Anderson, 1879
Hylarana megalonesa (Inger, Stuart and Iskandar, 2009)
Hylarana melanomenta (Taylor, 1920)
Hylarana menglaensis Fei, Ye, Jiang and Xie, 2008
Hylarana milleti (Smith, 1921)
Hylarana milneana (Loveridge, 1948)
Hylarana mocquardi (Werner, 1901)
Hylarana moellendorffi (Boettger, 1893)
Hylarana moluccana (Boettger, 1895)
Hylarana montivaga (Smith, 1921)
Hylarana mortenseni (Boulenger, 1903)
Hylarana nicobariensis (Stoliczka, 1870)
Hylarana nigrovittata (Blyth, 1856)
Hylarana novaeguineae (Van Kampen, 1909)
Hylarana occidentalis (Perret, 1960)
Hylarana papua (Lesson, 1827)
Hylarana parkeriana (Mertens, 1938)
Hylarana parvacola (Inger, Stuart and Iskandar, 2009)
Hylarana persimilis (Van Kampen, 1923)
Hylarana picturata (Boulenger, 1920)
Hylarana raniceps (Peters, 1871)
Hylarana rufipes (Inger, Stuart and Iskandar, 2009)
Hylarana scutigera (Andersson, 1916)
Hylarana siberu (Dring, McCarthy and Whitten, 1990)
Hylarana signata (Günther, 1872)
Hylarana similis (Günther, 1873)
Hylarana spinulosa (Smith, 1923)
Hylarana supragrisea (Menzies, 1987)
Hylarana taipehensis (Van Denburgh, 1909)
Hylarana temporalis (Günther, 1864)
Hylarana tipanan (Brown, McGuire and Diesmos, 2000)
Hylarana tytleri Theobald, 1868
Hylarana volkerjane (Günther, 2003)
Hylarana waliesa (Kraus and Allison, 2007)
Lithobates areolatus (Baird and Girard, 1852)
Lithobates berlandieri (Baird, 1859)
Lithobates blairi (Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown, 1973)
Lithobates brownorum (Sanders, 1973)
Lithobates bwana (Hillis and de Sá, 1988)
Lithobates capito (LeConte, 1855)
Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802)
Lithobates chichicuahutla (Cuellar, Méndez-De La Cruz and Villagrán-Santa Cruz, 1996)
Lithobates chiricahuensis (Platz and Mecham, 1979)
Lithobates clamitans (Latreille in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801)
Lithobates dunni (Zweifel, 1957)
Lithobates fisheri (Stejneger, 1893)
Lithobates forreri (Boulenger, 1883)
Lithobates grylio (Stejneger, 1901)
Lithobates heckscheri (Wright, 1924)
Lithobates johni (Blair, 1965)
Lithobates juliani (Hillis and de Sá, 1988)
Lithobates lemosespinali (Smith and Chiszar, 2003)
Lithobates macroglossa (Brocchi, 1877)
Lithobates maculatus (Brocchi, 1877)
Lithobates magnaocularis (Frost and Bagnara, 1974)
Lithobates megapoda (Taylor, 1942)
Lithobates miadis (Barbour and Loveridge, 1929)
Lithobates montezumae (Baird, 1854)
Lithobates neovolcanicus (Hillis and Frost, 1985)
Lithobates okaloosae (Moler, 1985)
Lithobates omiltemanus (Günther, 1900)
Lithobates onca (Cope in Yarrow, 1875)
Lithobates palmipes (Spix, 1824)
Lithobates palustris (LeConte, 1825)
Lithobates pipiens (Schreber, 1782)
Lithobates psilonota (Webb, 2001)
Lithobates pueblae (Zweifel, 1955)
Lithobates pustulosus (Boulenger, 1883)
Lithobates septentrionalis (Baird, 1854)
Lithobates sevosus (Goin and Netting, 1940)
Lithobates sierramadrensis (Taylor, 1939)
Lithobates spectabilis (Hillis and Frost, 1985)
Lithobates sphenocephalus (Cope, 1886)
Lithobates sylvaticus (LeConte, 1825)
Lithobates tarahumarae (Boulenger, 1917)
Lithobates taylori (Smith, 1959)
Lithobates tlaloci (Hillis and Frost, 1985)
Lithobates vaillanti (Brocchi, 1877)
Lithobates vibicarius (Cope, 1894)
Lithobates virgatipes (Cope, 1891)
Lithobates warszewitschii (Schmidt, 1857)
Lithobates yavapaiensis (Platz and Frost, 1984)
Lithobates zweifeli (Hillis, Frost and Webb, 1984)
Meristogenys amoropalamus (Matsui, 1986)
Meristogenys jerboa (Günther, 1872)
Meristogenys kinabaluensis (Inger, 1966)
Meristogenys macrophthalmus (Matsui, 1986)
Meristogenys orphnocnemis (Matsui, 1986)
Meristogenys phaeomerus (Inger and Gritis, 1983)
Meristogenys poecilus (Inger and Gritis, 1983)
Meristogenys whiteheadi (Boulenger, 1887)
Odorrana absita (Stuart and Chan-ard, 2005)
Odorrana amamiensis (Matsui, 1994)
Odorrana andersonii (Boulenger, 1882)
Odorrana anlungensis (Liu and Hu in Hu, Zhao and Liu, 1973)
Odorrana aureola Stuart, Chuaynkern, Chan-ard and Inger, 2006
Odorrana bacboensis (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov and Ho, 2003)
Odorrana banaorum (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov and Ho, 2003)
Odorrana bolavensis (Stuart and Bain, 2005)
Odorrana chapaensis (Bourret, 1937)
Odorrana chloronota (Günther, 1876)
Odorrana daorum (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov and Ho, 2003)
Odorrana exiliversabilis Li, Ye and Fei in Fei, Ye and Li, 2001
Odorrana gigatympana (Orlov, Ananjeva and Ho, 2006)
Odorrana grahami (Boulenger, 1917)
Odorrana graminea (Boulenger, 1900)
Odorrana hainanensis Fei, Ye and Li, 2001
Odorrana hejiangensis (Deng and Yu, 1992)
Odorrana hosii (Boulenger, 1891)
Odorrana indeprensa (Bain and Stuart, 2006)
Odorrana ishikawae (Stejneger, 1901)
Odorrana jingdongensis Fei, Ye and Li, 2001
Odorrana junlianensis Huang, Fei and Ye in Fei and Ye, 2001
Odorrana khalam (Stuart, Orlov and Chan-ard, 2005)
Odorrana kuangwuensis (Liu and Hu in Hu, Zhao and Liu, 1966)
Odorrana leporipes (Werner, 1930)
Odorrana livida (Blyth, 1856)
Odorrana lungshengensis (Liu and Hu, 1962)
Odorrana macrotympana (Yang, 2008)
Odorrana margaretae (Liu, 1950)
Odorrana melasma (Stuart and Chan-ard, 2005)
Odorrana monjerai (Matsui and Jaafar, 2006)
Odorrana morafkai (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov and Ho, 2003)
Odorrana nanjiangensis Fei, Ye, Xie and Jiang, 2007
Odorrana narina (Stejneger, 1901)
Odorrana nasica (Boulenger, 1903)
Odorrana nasuta Li, Ye and Fei in Fei, Ye and Li, 2001
Odorrana orba (Stuart and Bain, 2005)
Odorrana rotodora (Yang and Rao in Yang, 2008)
Odorrana schmackeri (Boettger, 1892)
Odorrana sinica (Ahl, 1927)
Odorrana supranarina (Matsui, 1994)
Odorrana swinhoana (Boulenger, 1903)
Odorrana tiannanensis (Yang and Li, 1980)
Odorrana tormota (Wu, 1977)
Odorrana trankieni (Orlov, Ngat and Ho, 2003)
Odorrana utsunomiyaorum (Matsui, 1994)
Odorrana versabilis (Liu and Hu, 1962)
Odorrana wuchuanensis (Xu in Wu, Xu, Dong, Li and Liu, 1983)
Odorrana yentuensis Tran, Orlov and Nguyen, 2008
Odorrana yizhangensis Fei, Ye and Jiang, 2007
Odorrana zhaoi Li, Lu and Rao, 2008
Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882)
Pelophylax bergeri (Günther in Engelmann, Fritzsche, Günther and Obst, 1986)
Pelophylax caralitanus (Arikan, 1988)
Pelophylax cerigensis (Beerli, Hotz, Tunner, Heppich and Uzzell, 1994)
Pelophylax chosenicus (Okada, 1931)
Pelophylax cretensis (Beerli, Hotz, Tunner, Heppich and Uzzell, 1994)
Pelophylax demarchii (Scortecci, 1929)
Pelophylax epeiroticus (Schneider, Sofianidou and Kyriakopoulou-Sklavounou, 1984)
Pelophylax fukienensis (Pope, 1929)
Pelophylax hubeiensis (Fei and Ye, 1982)
Pelophylax kurtmuelleri (Gayda, 1940)
Pelophylax lateralis (Boulenger, 1887)
Pelophylax lessonae (Camerano, 1882)
Pelophylax nigromaculatus (Hallowell, 1861)
Pelophylax perezi (López-Seoane, 1885)
Pelophylax plancyi (Lataste, 1880)
Pelophylax porosus (Cope, 1868)
Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771)
Pelophylax saharicus (Boulenger in Hartert, 1913)
Pelophylax shqipericus (Hotz, Uzzell, Günther, Tunner and Heppich, 1987)
Pelophylax tenggerensis (Zhao, Macey and Papenfuss, 1988)
Pelophylax terentievi (Mezhzherin, 1992)
Pseudorana sangzhiensis (Shen, 1986)
Pseudorana weiningensis (Liu, Hu and Yang, 1962)
Pterorana khare Kiyasetuo and Khare, 1986
Rana amurensis Boulenger, 1886
Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842
Rana asiatica Bedriaga, 1898
Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852
Rana boylii Baird, 1854
Rana cangyuanensis Yang, 2008
Rana cascadae Slater, 1939
Rana chaochiaoensis Liu, 1946
Rana chensinensis David, 1875
Rana chevronta Hu and Ye in Hu, Fei and Ye, 1978
Rana coreana Okada, 1928
Rana culaiensis Li, Lu and Li, 2008
Rana dalmatina Fitzinger in Bonaparte, 1839
Rana draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852
Rana dybowskii Günther, 1876
Rana graeca Boulenger, 1891
Rana hanluica Shen, Jiang and Yang, 2007
Rana huanrensis Fei, Ye and Huang, 1990
Rana iberica Boulenger, 1879
Rana italica Dubois, 1987
Rana japonica Boulenger, 1879
Rana johnsi Smith, 1921
Rana kukunoris Nikolskii, 1918
Rana kunyuensis Lu and Li, 2002
Rana latastei Boulenger, 1879
Rana longicrus Stejneger, 1898
Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913
Rana macrocnemis Boulenger, 1885
Rana maoershanensis Lu, Li and Jiang, 2007
Rana multidenticulata Chou and Lin, 1997
Rana muscosa Camp, 1917
Rana omeimontis Ye and Fei in Ye, Fei and Hu, 1993
Rana ornativentris Werner, 1903
Rana pirica Matsui, 1991
Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853
Rana pseudodalmatina Eiselt and Schmidtler, 1971
Rana pyrenaica Serra-Cobo, 1993
Rana sakuraii Matsui and Matsui, 1990
Rana sauteri Boulenger, 1909
Rana shuchinae Liu, 1950
Rana sierrae Camp, 1917
Rana tagoi Okada, 1928
Rana tavasensis Baran and Atatür, 1986
Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758
Rana tsushimensis Stejneger, 1907
Rana zhengi Zhao, 1999
Rana zhenhaiensis Ye, Fei and Matsui, 1995
Sanguirana sanguinea (Boettger, 1893)
Sanguirana varians (Boulenger, 1894)
Staurois guttatus (Günther, 1858)
Staurois latopalmatus (Boulenger, 1887)
Staurois natator (Günther, 1858)
Staurois parvus Inger and Haile, 1959
Staurois tuberilinguis Boulenger, 1918

Reference

Literatura

Spoljšnje veze

Amphibian and Frogs of Peninsular Malaysia - Family Ranidae

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