Kategorizimi Njerëzor Raca: Grupim i njerëzve bazuar në cilësitë e përbashkëta fizike ose sociale në kategori

Megjithëse grupimet e tilla nuk kanë një bazë të fortë në biologjinë moderne, ato vazhdojnë të kenë një ndikim të madh mbi marrëdhëniet shoqërore bashkëkohore. Termi racë për herë të parë është përdorur në shekullin XVII për t'iu referuar folësve të një gjuhe të përbashkët dhe më pas për të treguar lidhjet kombëtare dhe tiparet fizike (fenotipike). Termi shpesh përdoret në një kuptim të përgjithshëm taksonomik biologjik, duke filluar nga shekulli XIX, për të treguar grupet njerëzore të diferencuara gjenetikisht të definuara nga fenotipi. Konceptet shoqërore mbi racat dhe grupimet e racave ndryshojnë me kalimin e kohës, duke përfshirë taksonomi popullore që përcaktojnë llojet esenciale të individëve bazuar në tiparet e përceptuara. Shkencëtarët e konsiderojnë ekzistencializmin biologjik të vjetëruar, dhe në përgjithësi dekurajojnë shpjegimet racore për diferencimin kolektiv si në tiparet fizike ashtu edhe ato bihevioristike (të sjelljes).

Megjithëse ekziston një marrëveshje e gjerë shkencore që konceptualizimet esenciale dhe tipologjike të racës janë të papërshtatshme, shkencëtarët në mbarë botën vazhdojnë të konceptojnë racën në mënyra të ndryshme, disa prej të cilave kanë implikime thelbësore. Përderisa disa studiues përdorin konceptin e racës për të bërë dallime midis grupeve të tipareve ose dallimeve të dukshme në sjellje, të tjerët në komunitetin shkencor sugjerojnë se ideja e racës shpesh përdoret në mënyrë naive ose të thjeshtuar dhe argumentojnë se, midis njerëzve, raca nuk ka rëndësi taksonomike duke vënë në dukje se të gjithë njerëzit i përkasin të njëjtës racë (specie), Homo sapiens dhe nënspecieve, Homo sapiens sapiens.

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• Witzig, R (15 tetor 1996). "The medicalization of race: scientific legitimization of a flawed social construct". Annals of Internal Medicine. 125 (8): 675–79. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-125-8-199610150-00008. PMID 8849153.

• Wright, Sewall (1978). Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. Vëll. 4, Variability Within and Among Natural Populations. Chicago, Illinois: Univ. Chicago Press. fq. 438.

• Xing, Jinchuan; Watkins, W. Scott; Shlien, Adam; Walker, Erin; Huff, Chad D.; Witherspoon, David J.; Zhang, Yuhua; Simonson, Tatum S.; Weiss, Robert B.; Schiffman, Joshua D.; Malkin, David; Woodward, Scott R.; Jorde, Lynn B. (2010). "Toward a more uniform sampling of human genetic diversity: A survey of worldwide populations by high-density genotyping". Genomics. 96 (4): 199–210. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.07.004. ISSN 0888-7543. PMID 20643205. Marrë më 2016-02-10.

  Commons: Raca – Album me fotografi dhe/apo video dhe materiale multimediale

• Race: the Power of an Illusion companion website to California Newsreel feature, 2003, PBS
• "Understanding Race", the American Anthropological Association's educational website, with links for primary school educators and researchers
• Is Race "Real"?, forum by the Social Science Research Council.

Deklarimet zyrtare

• "The Race Question", UNESCO, 1950
• US Census Bureau: Definition of Race
• "Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity", Federal Register, 1997, Department of Interior
• RACE: Are we so different?, a public education program by the American Anthropological Association.