Flutura

Flutur, është emërtim i përgjithshëm për disa lloje kandrash fluturuese, me katër krahë të mbuluar me luspa të imëta si pluhur, me ngjyra të ndryshme, me feçkë e brirthë për të thithur dhe për të ndier, disa prej të cilave dëmtojnë bimët.

Flutura
Cairns Birdwing, Flutura më e madhe në Australi (Melbourne Zoo).
Klasifikimi shkencor
Mbretëria:	Animalia
Filumi:	Arthropoda
Klasa:	Insecta
Rendi:	Lepidoptera
Pa klasifikuar:	Rhopalocera
Subgroups
Superfamily Hedyloidea: Hedylidae Superfamily Hesperioidea: Hesperiidae Superfamily Papilionoidea: Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae

Shtimi

Një flutur shumohet me vezë. Kur një flutur femër çiftezohet i lëshon vezët mbi një pemë dhe ngordh. Prej vezës del një qënie që quhet vemje.

Larvat

Fluturat e fillojnë jetën si larva (vemje të spërdredhura të cilat lindin nga vezët). Larvat hanë shumë gjethe dhe kur arrijnë madhësinë e duhur, ngjiten pas degëve. Ato formojnë guaska të forta të quajtura krizalida. Brenda krizalidës, larva shndërrohet në flutur. Kur flutura formohet plotësisht, ajo del nga krizalida.

Mimikri

Polifenizmi sezonal

Shumica e tyre jane të mira me njerëzit prandaj dhe njerëzit me to.

Nita

Kur nuk është mbrojtur nga kafshët e tjera kthehet në formën e kokës së një gjarpri dhe shkon në një degë. Në këtë mënyrë dega është trupi i gjarprit ndërsa flutura është koka. Kafshët e tjera frikësohen nga flutura vetëm në atë menyrë.

Në botë jetojnë nga 15,000 deri më 20,000 lloje të ndryshme fluturash. Disa nga llojet më të njohura janë:

• Swallowtails and Birdwings, Familja Papilionidae
  • Common Yellow Swallowtail, Papilio machaon
  • Spicebush Swallowtail, Papilio troilus
  • Lime Butterfly, Papilio demoleus
  • Ornithoptera genus (Birdwings; the largest butterflies)
• Whites or Yellows, Family Pieridae
  • Small White, Pieris rapae
  • Green-veined White, Pieris napi
  • Common Jezebel, Delias eucharis
• Blues and Coppers or Gossamer-Winged Butterflies, Familja Lycaenidae
  • Xerces Blue, Glaucopsyche xerces
  • Karner Blue, Lycaeides melissa samuelis
  • Red Pierrot, Talicada nyseus
• Metalmark butterflies, Familja Riodinidae
  • Lange's Metalmark Butterfly
  • Plum Judy, Abisara echerius
• Brush-footed butterflies, Familja Nymphalidae
  • Painted Lady, or Cosmopolite, Vanessa cardui
  • Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus
  • Morpho genus
  • Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria

Art

Simbolika

Familja Papilionidae

•  
  Emerald Swallowtail (Papilio palinurus), Metro Toronto Zoo
•  
  Scarce Swallowtail,
  Iphiclides podalirius.
•  
  Palawan Birdwing,
  Troides trojana.
•  
  Blue Mormon,
  Papilio polymnestor.
•  
  Crimson Rose,
  Pachliopta hector.
•  
  Pipevine Swallowtail,
  Battus philenor.
•  
  Common Mime,
  Chilasa clytia.
•  
  Blue Mormon,
  Papilio polymnestor.

Familja Pieridae

•  
  Green-veined White,
  Pieris napi.
•  
  The Orange Tip,
  Anthocharis cardamines.
•  
  Common Jezebel,
  Delias eucharis.
•  
  Common Brimstone,
  Gonepteryx rhamni.

Familja Riodinidae

•  
  Punchinello,
  Zemeros flegyas
•  
  Tailed Judy,
  Abisara neophron

Familja Nymphalidae

•  
  Monarch Butterfly,
  Danaus plexippus
•  
  Common Nawab,
  Polyura athamas,
  a charaxine Nymphalid
  from India.
•  
  Morpho rhetenor helena a morphine from
  South America.
•  
  Julia Heliconian,
  Dryas julia.
•  
  Sara Longwing,
  Heliconius sara
  a heliconine nymphalid.
•  
  Glasswing butterfly,
  Greta oto.
•  
  Lorquin's Admiral,
  Limenitis lorquini
  a limenitidine nymphalid.
•  
  Leopard Lacewing,
  Cethosia cyane of
  subfamily Cyrestinae.
•  
  Peacock Butterfly,
  Inachis io.
•  
  Comma Butterfly,
  Polygonia c-album.
•  
  Crimson Patch,
  Chlosyne janais.

Familja Lycaenidae

•  
  Red Pierrot,
  Talicada nyseus.
•  
  Small Copper,
  Lycaena phlaeas.
•  
  Monkey Puzzle,
  Rathinda amor.
•  
  Banded Blue Pierrot,
  Discolampa ethion.

Familja Hesperiidae

•  
  Fiery Skipper
  Hylephila phyleus

• Flutura e natës
• Lista e fluturave

• Boggs, C., Watt, W., Ehrlich, P. 2003. Butterflies: Evolution and Ecology Taking Flight. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA. - Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Heppner, J. B. 1998. Classification of Lepidoptera. Holarctic Lepidoptera, Suppl. 1. - Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Pyle, R. M. 1992. Handbook for Butterfly Watchers. Houghton Mifflin. First published, 1984. ISBN 0-395-61629-8 - Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Nemos, F. ca. 1895. Europas bekannteste Schmetterlinge. Beschreibung der wichtigsten Arten und Anleitung zur Kenntnis und zum Sammeln der Schmetterlinge und Raupen Oestergaard Verlag, Berlin, (pdf 77MB) - Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.

 

- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.

• Butterflies of North America, Jim P. Brock and Kenn Kaufman (2003)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies through Binoculars: The East, Jeffrey Glassberg (1999)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies through Binoculars: The West, Jeffrey Glassberg (2001)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• A Field Guide to Eastern Butterflies, Paul Opler (1994)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• A Field Guide to Western Butterflies, Paul Opler (1999)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Peterson First Guide to Butterflies and Moths, Paul Opler (1994)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Las Mariposas de Machu Picchu by Gerardo Lamas (2003)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland by Jim Asher (Editor), et al.- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Pocket Guide to the Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland by Richard Lewington- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Britain and Europe (Collins Wildlife Trust Guides) by Michael Chinery- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Europe by Tom Tolman and Richard Lewington (2001)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Europe New Field Guide and Key by Tristan Lafranchis (2004)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Field Guide to Butterlies of South Africa by Steve Woodhall (2005)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History by Meena Haribal (1994).- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Peninsular India by Krushnamegh Kunte, Universities Press (2005).- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of the Indian Region by Col M. A. Wynter-Blyth, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India (1957).- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• A Guide to Common Butterflies of Singapore by Steven Neo Say Hian (Singapore Science Centre)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of West Malaysia and Singapore by W.A.Fleming. (Longman Malaysia)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula by A.S. Corbet and H. M. Pendlebury. (The Malayan Nature Society)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.

Lidhje të përgjithëshme

• Papilionoidea on the Tree of Life Web project Arkivuar 11 dhjetor 2008 tek Wayback Machine- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.

Lista regjionale fluturash

• Collodi Butterfly House Tuscany- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies and Moths of North America- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• North American Butterfly Association (NABA)- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies and Moths in the Netherlands- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Insect and butterfly diversity of Pakistan- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Southern India Arkivuar 18 dhjetor 2008 tek Wayback Machine- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Sri Lanka- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Singapore- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Israel Insect World Arkivuar 22 tetor 2022 tek Wayback Machine- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Singapore Butterfly Checklist- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterfly Conservation Society of Taiwan- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Morocco- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Indo-China Chiefly Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Southeastern Sulawesi- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Thailand- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of Mexico- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.

Foto/Filma

• BugGuide.net Many images of North American butterflies, many licensed via Creative Commons- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterfly of Brazil- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Reference quality large format photographs, common butterflies of North America- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Gallery of Florida Butterflies and Moths- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterfly Picture Gallery- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Photographs of most of the Butterflies in Southern California- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterflies of France- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• Butterfly Movies (Tree of Life) Arkivuar 20 janar 2009 tek Wayback Machine- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• 1000+ photos of Massachusetts butterflies^{[lidhje e vdekur]}- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.
• European butterfly pictures - common names and wildlife photography Arkivuar 7 shkurt 2009 tek Wayback Machine- Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.