Tonga: Sovereign state in Oceania, situated on an archipelago
Tonga is a country in Pacific Ocean.
It has 169 islands. Only 36 islands have inhabitants. The most important island is Tongatapu. Tupou IV is the king of Tonga and the Prime Minister is Siaosi Sovaleni. The capital of Tonga is Nuku'alofa, which is on Tongatapu.
Kingdom of Tonga Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms | |
| Motto: "Ko e ʻOtua mo Tonga ko hoku tofiʻa" "God and Tonga are my Inheritance" | |
| Anthem: Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga The Song of the King of the Tongan Islands | |
.svg) | |
| Capital and largest city | Nukuʻalofa |
| Official languages | Tongan |
| Recognised national languages | English |
| Demonym(s) | Tongan |
| Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Monarch | Tupou VI |
| Siaosi Sovaleni | |
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly |
| Independence | |
• from British protection | 4 June 1970 |
| Area | |
• Total | 748 km2 (289 sq mi) (186th) |
• Water (%) | 4.0 |
| Population | |
• 2021 census | 100,209 (199th) |
• Density | 139/km2 (360.0/sq mi) (76tha) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $655 million |
• Per capita | $6,496 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $493 million |
• Per capita | $4,888 |
| Gini (2015) |  37.6medium |
| HDI (2019) |  0.725high · 104th |
| Currency | Paʻanga (TOP) |
| Time zone | UTC+13 |
| DST not observed | |
| Driving side | left |
| Calling code | +676 |
| ISO 3166 code | TO |
| Internet TLD | .to |
| |
The official languages of Tonga are Tongan and English. Tonga had 102,321 inhabitants in 2000. It is a very hot country. Tonga became independent in 1970.
History
About 3000 years before, the Polynesians had settled in Tongatapu. In 1845, Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom. He declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy. Between 1845 and 1893, slavery was stopped. Also, constitution was made up.
In 1900, Tonga became a protected state of the United Kingdom. Tonga maintained its sovereignty. It remained the only Pacific nation never to have given up its monarchical government. Foreign affairs was managed by the UK. Tonga was no longer a protected state and became independent in 1970. Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. It became a member of the United Nations in September 1999. Tonga has never lost indigenous governance.
Geography
Tonga is in Oceania. It is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. It has 177 islands. Thirty-six of them are inhabited. The islands are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu. The largest island is Tongatapuon. The capital city of Nukuʻalofa is on Tongatapuon.
Politics
Tonga is a constitutional monarchy.
Tonga provides for its citizens:
- free and mandatory education for all
- secondary education with only nominal fees
- and foreign-funded scholarships for post-secondary education
Tongans have universal access to a national health care system. The Tongan constitution protects land ownership. Land cannot be sold to foreigners. While there is a land shortage on the urbanised main island of Tongatapu, there is farmland available in the outlying islands.
The majority of the population engages in some form of subsistence production of food. Women and men have equal access to education and health care. They are fairly equal in employment. Women are discriminated against in land holding, electoral politics, and government ministries.
Climate
The climate is tropical with a distinct warm period (December–April) and a cooler period (May–November). The average wettest period is around March. The average daily humidity is 80%.
| Climate data for Nukuʻalofa | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32 (90) | 32 (90) | 31 (88) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 28 (82) | 28 (82) | 28 (82) | 28 (82) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 31 (88) | 32 (90) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28 (82) | 29 (84) | 28 (82) | 27 (81) | 26 (79) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 24 (75) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 27 (81) | 27 (81) | 26 (79) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 24 (75) | 23 (73) | 21 (70) | 21 (70) | 21 (70) | 21 (70) | 22 (72) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 22 (72) | 22 (72) | 22 (72) | 21 (70) | 20 (68) | 18 (64) | 17 (63) | 18 (64) | 17 (63) | 19 (66) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 16 (61) | 17 (63) | 15 (59) | 15 (59) | 13 (55) | 11 (52) | 10 (50) | 11 (52) | 11 (52) | 12 (54) | 13 (55) | 16 (61) | 10 (50) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 130 (5.1) | 190 (7.5) | 210 (8.3) | 120 (4.7) | 130 (5.1) | 100 (3.9) | 100 (3.9) | 130 (5.1) | 110 (4.3) | 90 (3.5) | 100 (3.9) | 120 (4.7) | 1,530 (60) |
| Average rainy days | 11 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 134 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77 | 78 | 79 | 76 | 78 | 77 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 75 | 76 |
| Source: Weatherbase | |||||||||||||
References
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