Orogeny: Formation of mountain ranges at convergent plate boundaries

It takes place when two tectonic plates come together. Orogens develop while a continental plate is crumpled and thickened to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called orogenesis.

A convergent boundary is a frequent cause:

• Where a continent rides over an oceanic plate (non-collisional):
  • Andes in South America
• Where two continental plates converge (collide):
  • Alps
  • Himalayas

Another, less common cause is when a plate moves over a hot spot in the Earth's mantle. Examples:

• Hawaiian chain of islands
• Yellowstone National Park

There is a third process, called delamination. Here an unstable portion of cold root of the lithosphere drips down into the mantle, decreasing the density of the lithosphere and causing buoyant uplift. Example:

• The Sierra Nevada in California.

Areas that are rifting apart, such as mid-ocean ridges and the East African Rift have mountains due to thermal buoyancy caused by the hot mantle underneath them, which pushes them up. This thermal buoyancy is known as dynamic topography. Examples:

• Iceland (Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
• East African Rift

• Variscan orogeny: older mountain belts caused by the formation of Pangaea.