Mongolia: Country in East Asia

It borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.

Mongolia ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ Монгол Улс  (Mongolian)
Flag Emblem
Anthem:  Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал Mongol ulsyn töriin duulal (English: "National anthem of Mongolia")
Location of  Mongolia  (green)
Capital and largest city	Ulaanbaatar[a] 48°N 106°E / 48°N 106°E / 48; 106
Official languages	Mongolian
Official scripts	Cyrillic Mongolian
Ethnic groups (2010)	96% Mongols 3% Kazakhs
Religion	Buddhism (53%) Non-religious (38.6%) Islam (3%) Shamanism (2.9%) Christianity (2.2%) Others (0.4%)
Demonym(s)	Mongolian[b] Mongol
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President	Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
• Prime Minister	Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene
• Chairman of the Khural	Gombojavyn Zandanshatar
Legislature	State Great Khural
Formation
• Xiongnu Empire	formed 209 BC
• Mongol Empire	formed 1206
• Independence declared from the Qing dynasty	December 29, 1911
• Mongolian People's Republic	November 26, 1924
• Independence recognized by the Republic of China	January 5, 1946
• Current constitution	February 13, 1992
Area
• Total	1,566,000 km2 (605,000 sq mi) (18th)
• Water (%)	0.67
Population
• 2020 estimate	3,353,470 (136th)
• 2023 census	3,057,778
• Density	2.07/km2 (5.4/sq mi) (194th)
GDP (PPP)	2019 estimate
• Total	$47 billion (115th)
• Per capita	$14,270 (93rd)
GDP (nominal)	2019 estimate
• Total	$13.7 billion (133rd)
• Per capita	$4,151 (116th)
Gini (2018)	32.7 medium
HDI (2018)	0.735 high · 92nd
Currency	Tögrög (MNT)
Time zone	UTC+7/+8
Date format	yyyy.mm.dd (CE)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+976
ISO 3166 code	MN
Internet TLD	.mn, .мон
^ Also spelled "Ulan Bator". ^ "Mongolian" denotes nationality, which includes minorities such as Kazakhs or Tuvans, while "Mongol" indicates Mongol ethnicity.

Until recently, most of the people there were Buddhists. Many of them are nomads (people who always move from place to place and do not stay in one home), but this is changing. The largest city, and capital city is Ulaanbaatar. It is where about 38% of the population live. This has been spelled Ulan Bator/ Ulaan Battor and other ways in the past. The north and east parts of the country have many mountains. Part of the south part is the Gobi Desert. There are 2,791,272 people living in Mongolia. The country is the 18th biggest country in the world, with an area of 1,564,116 km² (603,909 sq mi).

Mongolia is mainly rural with the lowest population density of all independent countries in the world.

The area which is Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires. This was until the great 'Mongol Empire' was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. After the Yuan Dynasty collapsed, the Mongols became nomads again. After the 16th century, Mongolia were influenced by Tibetan Buddhism. By the end of the 17th century, most of Mongolia was part of an area ruled by the Qing Dynasty. When the Qing Dynasty collapsed in 1911, Mongolia declared independence. But they had to fight against the Chinese. They were helped by the Soviet Union. In 1921, the world accepted its independence. Shortly after the death of Bogd Khaan, the last monarch of Mongolia the monarchy was replaced by a communist government in 1924, and the country was renamed the Mongolian People's Republic. Up until the fall of the Soviet Union, Mongolia was a satellite state for the Soviets. The Mongolian Red Cross Society was set up in 1939. It has its headquarters in Ulaanbaator. Following the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia's interest in Mongolia has declined. China and South Korea are currently Mongolia's main trade and political partners.

Mongolia is a parliamentary republic. People vote for their government. The President of Mongolia is elected to a four-year term, and cannot be elected president more than twice. The current President is Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh. He was first elected as president on June 25, 2021.

 

Mongolia has a steppe climate. It has very cold winters and mild summers. Recently, winters have become very cold. This has killed many people and cattle. On June 2, 2008, 52 people and 200,000 head of cattle died in heavy blizzards in Mongolia.

On March 1–2, 2008, a heavy dust storm hit northeast China and parts of Mongolia. and ended over North Korea and South Korea on the March 4.

Twenty one people died in a rural Mongolian blizzard on May 8, 2008. Parts of the Chinese province of Inner Mongolia were also affected on the May 8, 2008.

On June 2, 2009, it was said that 15 people and 10,000 head of cattle had died by this date in Mongolia.

April 1–2, 2010 had temperatures plummet to -50 degrees in Mongolia’s Tuul valley, A nomad named Urna said she bought 400 bundles of grass to feed the animals in preparation for more bad weather. The Mongolian Red Cross has said that about 4,500,000 livestock died as a result of the bad weather this year [2010]. Tume, who lives in Ulan Bator, said that he had noticed that there were several really harsh winters in a row too. He blamed climate change, but experts said that overgrazing by cattle had also killed off most of the country’s grassland.

Mongolia known as the "Land of the Eternal Blue Sky" or "Country of Blue Sky" (Mongolian: Mönkh khökh tengeriin oron - Мөнх хөх тэнгэрийн орон) because it has over 250 sunny days a year.

Mongolia is the world's 18th-largest country (after Iran). It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru. Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, but its westernmost point is only 38 kilometers (24 mi) away from Kazakhstan.

The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the Gobi Desert to the south and with cold and mountainous regions to the north and west. Most of Mongolia consists of steppes, with forested areas comprising 11.2% of the total land area.  The highest point in Mongolia is the Khüiten Peak in the Tavan bogd massif, at a height of 4,374 m (14,350 ft).

Provinces

Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces called aimags. The aimags are divided into 329 districts called sums.

The country has a lot of copper, uranium and other minerals essential to the world’s fight against climate change. The Oyu Tolgoi mine should produce about half a million tonnes of copper by 2030, the 4th biggest copper project in the world. It is run by Rio Tinto. The Mongolian government owns 34% of it. The government plans to increase gross domestic product from $15 billion in 2022 to nearly $50 billion by 2030 and halve Mongolia’s poverty rate to 15%. In 2023 84% of Mongolian exports went to China and 30% of its imports, including all its petroleum products came from Russia. There is a lot of interest from foreign investors.

The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian, and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryat are are spoken across the country. Turkic languages, such as Kazakh and Tuvan, are also spoken in the western part of the country.

Today, Mongolian is written using the Cyrillic alphabet, although in the past it was written using the Mongolian script. The traditional alphabet is being slowly reintroduced through schools recently.

Russian is the commonest spoken foreign language in Mongolia due to their diplomatic ties as former communist states. English has been gradually replacing Russian as the second language in order to become part of the world economy. Korean is more common now as tens of thousands of Mongolians work and study in South Korea. Interest in Chinese has been growing because of the neighboring power.

• List of rivers of Mongolia
• Mongolia at the Olympics
• Mongolia national football team

References