Head Of State: Official who holds the highest-ranked executive position in a sovereign state

The powers of a head of state may vary depending on the country. The head of state is usually the highest-ranking official in the country.

Heads of state of various countries:

• Emmanuel Macron, President of France
• Droupadi Murmu, President of India
• Joe Biden, President of the United States

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• Yoon Suk-yeol, President of South Korea
• Charles III, King of the United Kingdom
• Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil

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• Bola Tinubu, President of Nigeria
• Tharman Shanmugaratnam, President of Singapore
• Vladimir Putin, President of Russia

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• Salman, King of Saudi Arabia
• Naruhito, Emperor of Japan
• Bongbong Marcos, President of the Philippines
• Felipe VI, King of Spain

In most republic countries, the head of state is called the president and is usually elected by the people.

In countries that are monarchies, the head of state is a monarch (such as a king), who gets the position through inheritance. There are many titles that a monarch could have, but they all have the same role as a head of state.

Executive

Sometimes a head of state has an executive role. This means that they take part in leading the government. In these systems, the head of state is also the head of government. For example, the President of the United States is both the head of state and head of government of the US. There are many republics that operate like this but some monarchies still have a king who runs the government.

Ceremonial

In other countries, the head of state may be a separate person from the head of government. In this system, the head of state has the role of representing the nation and being a neutral non-political leader while the head of government takes care of the executive. This system is used in many modern monarchies such as the United Kingdom. However, some republics such as the Republic of Ireland follow this system.