ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߦߋ߫ ߣߖ߭ߊ ߟߊ߫ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߝߏ߬ߣߊ߲߬ߦߋ߬ߟߊ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߣߖ߭ߊ ߓߟߏ߫ ߁߉߇߇ ߕߎߟߊߝߌ߲ ߕߟߋ߬ ߅ ߡߊ߬.ߕߟߋ߬ ߞߊ߲ߞߋ ߞߐߞߊ߲ߠߊ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬߸ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߘߴߊ߬ ߓߐ߫ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߂߲ ߓߎ߬ߓߎ߬ߡߊ ߕߟߋ߬ ߁߆ ߟߋ߬ ߡߊ߬.
ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫ | ߢߍߥߟߊ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ |
---|---|
ߡߍ߲ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊߓߊ߬ߕߏ߬ | ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߂߲ |
ߊ߬ ߓߐߖߎ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ | ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ |
ߖߊ߲߬ߖߏ߲ | ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߟߌ, ߞߵߊ߬ ߖߊ߲ߓߊ߲߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊߟߌ ߝߍ߬, ߞߵߊ߬ ߖߊ߲ߓߊ߲߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊߟߌ ߝߍ߬ |
ߟߊߝߟߐ߫ ߦߙߐ | ߞߊߔ ߞߣߊߝ߭ߋߙߊߟ ߛߊ߲ߡߊߞߎߟߎ߲ ߝߊ߲ߞߊ߸ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߓߊ߬ߛߊ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߄߁ |
ߕߊ߯ ߦߙߐ | ߝߌ߲߬ߕߐ߲߬, ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮, ߓߟߊߓߟߊߕߍߞߣߍ ߕߍߡߟߊ ߘߐ߫ |
ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߋ߲߫ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߕߊ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߘߐ߫ | ߕߌߕߊ߲ IIIE |
ߘߐ߬ߓߛߏ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ | ߣߊߛ߭ߐ߲ߣߊߟ ߊߋߙߣߏߕߌߞ ߍ߲ߘ ߛߑߔߋߛ ߊߘߑߡߣߌߛߕߑߙ߭ߋߛ߭ߐ߲߬ |
ߡߎ߬ߙߊ߲߬ ߠߊߢߎ߲ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ | Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer |
ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߋ߲ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߕߎߡߊ | ߅ ߕߎߟߊߝߌ߲ 1977 |
ߝߊ߲ߓߏ߲ | ߖߍߕ ߔߙߏߔߎߟߑߛߋ ߟߊߓߏߙߊߕߏߙߋ߫ |
Powered by | MHW-RTG |
ߓߟߐߟߐ | http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov |
Space tug | Centaur |
ߊ߬ ߓߊ߲ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ ߄߂ ߞߊߙߏ߫ ߃ ߣߌ߫ ߕߟߋ߬ ߁߇ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߞߊ߲߬ ߂߀߁߉ ߞߏߟߌ߲ߞߏߟߌ߲ ߕߟߋ߬ ߁߇ ߡߊ߬߸ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ߢߐ߲߰ߡߊ ߦߋ߫ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߋ߲ ߣߴߊ߲ ߕߍ߫ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߘߎ߲߰ߧߊ ߞߙߏ߬ߝߏ (ߘߌߔ ߛߑߔߋߛ ߣߍߕߑߥߐߞ) ߛߘߊ߫ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߓߟߏߡߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ ߘߎ߱ߡߊ߬ ߦߊ߲߬. ߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߊ߲ߡߊߛߓߍ ߘߊ߲ߕߊ ߁߄߇ ߃߈߀ ߝߏ߬ߣߊ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ (ߞߎߘߍ ߥߟߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߂߂.߀ ߥߟߊ߫ ߡߟߌ߫ ߥߟߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߁߃.߇ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ ߟߊ߫) ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߘߎ߱ ߕߍ߫ ߂߀߁߉ ߣߍߣߍߓߊ ߕߟߋ߬ ߄ ߡߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߐ߱ ߟߊ߫ ߝߋ߲߫ ߠߊߘߊ߲ߣߍ߲ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߡߊߕߊ߯ߣߍ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߘߎ߱ ߟߊ߫. ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߦߋ߫ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߛߊ߲ߡߊߞߎߟߎ߲߫ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߰ ߡߊߓߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲ (Maquette) ߦߋ߫ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߋ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߝߊ߬ߘߌ ߡߊߓߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߝߢߐߞߎ߲ ߖߊ߬ߛߏ߲߬ߝߢߐߞߎ߲ߡߊ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߕߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߓߟߏߞߊ߲߫ ߥߙߍ ߣߌ߫ ߝߢߐߞߎ߲߸ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߥߊߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߓߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߰ ߡߊߓߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߔߊ߲ߞߙߎ߫ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߘߌ߫.
ߖߊ߯ߓߊߟߌ ߞߐߞߊ߲ߕߊ ߟߎ߬ ߛߏ߲߯ߓߊߟߌ߸ ߕߟߋ߬ߞߕߐ߬ߜߟߎߞߘߎ (héliosphère)߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊߟߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߍߡߟߊ. ߘߐ߬ߛߏ߰ߙߋ߬ߟߊ߲ ߥߟߌ߬ ߞߎ߲ߧߊ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߘߌ߫߸ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߦߴߊ߬ ߜߊ߲ߠߌ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߝߌ߲߬ߕߐ߲߫ ߝߍ߬߸ ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߝߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߞߊߙߏ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߓߟߋ߬ߓߟߋ ߛߊ߬ߝߌߝߌ ߞߊ߬ߣߌ߲߬. ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߡߎ߬ߙߊ߲ ߞߎ߲߭ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߕߋ߲߬ ߝߛߊߦߌ߫ ߛߴߊ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߥߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߓߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߊ߬ߙߌ߬ߕߌ߮ ߡߊ߬߸ ߞߵߏ߬ ߢߊߝߐ߫ ߛߊ߬ߝߌߝߌ ߓߐߒߡߊߟߌ߫ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߓߊ߸ ߞߊߙߏ ߏ߬ ߓߐߒߡߊߟߌ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߢߊ߬ߒ߬ߞߐ߬ߓߊߟߌ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߥߊ߯ߕߌ ߏ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߓߴߊ߬ ߕߎ߲߬ ߓߘߊ߫ ߝߐ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߡߐ߲ߕߐ߲߫ ߓߐ߬ߓߐ߬ߟߊ߬ߞߊ ߦߴߊ߬ ߡߊ߬. ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߞߊ߬ ߖߊ߯ߓߊߟߌ߫ ߂ ߟߎ߬ ߓߊ߲ߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߡߊ߬ߥߏ ߟߎ߬߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߣߍ߰ߛߎ߬ߓߊ߰ ߞߣߍ߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߘߐ߬ߛߏ߰ߙߋ߬ߟߊ߲߬ ߝߟߐ ߘߌ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߞߊߙߏ ߟߎ߬ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߓߍ߬ ߝߊߙߊ߲ߝߊ߯ߛߌߣߍ߲ ߡߊߛߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߓߊ߲ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߗߋߦߊߟߌ߫ ߓߊߖߎߟߞߊ ߟߊ߫ ߜߊ߲ߠߌ߲ ߠߊ߫ ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߝߍ߬ ߁߉߈߀ ߣߍߣߍߓߊ ߁߂ ߡߊ߬߸ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߝߋ߲߫ ߠߊߘߊ߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߅ ߟߎ߬ ߛߕߊߣߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߒ߬ߞߘߐ߬ߟߌ ߞߊߟߌߦߊ ߞߊ߬ߣߌ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߓߐ߫ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ ߞߊ߲ߞߋ ߘߐ߫. [ߞߏߝߐߟߌ߫ ߞߟߊ߬ߟߊ߬ߡߊ] ߂߀߁߂ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߂߅߸ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߟߋ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߡߎ߬ߙߊ߲߬ ߝߟߐߡߊ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߞߊ߬ ߕߋ߬ߟߋ ߘߊ߲߬ ߜߟߎߞߘߎ ߘߐߛߊ߲߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߓߟߊߓߟߊߕߍߞߣߍ ߞߊ߲߬. ߛߙߋߦߊߟߌ߫ ߜߘߍ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߛߍ߲ߓߍߡߊ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ ߘߐ߫߸ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߛߘߍ ߟߎ߬ ߓߊ߲߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߐߘߌ߯ߟߊ߲ ߡߊߝߍߣߍ߲ߠߌ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߜߋ߬ߙߋ ߛߊߞߍߟߌ ߘߐ߫ (TCM) ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߔߊ߲ߞߙߎ ߘߐ߫ ߂߀߁߇ ߓߊ߲߫ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫ (ߞߊ߬ߦߌ߯ ߊ߬ ߞߐߘߌ߯ߟߊ߲ ߛߋ߲߬ߓߐ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ߦߌ߯ ߁߉߈߀ ߠߊ߫)߸ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮ ߘߏ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߗߋߦߊߟߌ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߊ߮ ߟߊߖߊ߲߰ߧߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߛߊ߲߭ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߛߓߊ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߟߊ߫. ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߟߊ߫ ߗߋߦߊߟߌ߫ ߞߕߐߙߐ߲ߘߓߐߣߍ߲ ߏ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߘߊߓߊ߲߫ ߠߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߴߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ ߂߀߂߅ ߟߊ߫ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߐ߫߸ ߣߴߊ߬ ߢߎߡߍߛߎ߲߫ ߥߎߦߋ߲ߢߎߡߍ߫ ߥߎߢߊ߲߫ ߦߙߐߢߐ߲߮ (radio-isotopes) ߡߊ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߢߎߡߍ߫ ߜߟߐߡߌ߲ ߞߟߊ߬ߟߡߊ߬ ߡߊߛߐ߫ ߟߴߏ߬ ߞߐ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߛߴߊ߬ ߟߐ߲ߞߏ ߡߎ߬ߙߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫.
ߖߊ߯ߓߊߟߌ ߞߐߞߊ߲ߕߊ ߟߎ߬ ߛߏ߲߯ߓߊߟߌ߸ ߕߟߋ߬ߞߕߐ߬ߜߟߎߞߘߎ (héliosphère) ߣߌ߫ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊߟߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߍߡߟߊ ߘߐ߫. ߘߐ߬ߛߏ߰ߙߋ߬ߟߊ߲ ߥߟߌ߬ ߞߎ߲ߧߊ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߘߌ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߦߴߊ߬ ߜߊ߲ߠߌ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߝߌ߲߬ߕߐ߲߫ ߝߍ߬߸ ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߝߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߞߊߙߏ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߓߟߋ߬ߓߟߋ ߛߊ߬ߝߌߝߌ ߝߍ߬. ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߡߎ߬ߙߊ߲ ߞߎ߲߭ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߕߋ߲߬ ߝߛߊߦߌ߫ ߛߴߊ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߥߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߓߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߊ߬ߙߌ߬ߕߌ߮ ߡߊ߬߸ ߞߵߏ߬ ߢߊߝߐ߫ ߛߊ߬ߝߌߝߌ ߓߐߒߡߊߟߌ߫ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߓߊ߸ ߞߊߙߏ ߏ߬ ߓߐߒߡߊߟߌ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߢߊ߬ߒ߬ߞߐ߬ߓߊߟߌ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߥߊ߯ߕߌ ߏ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߓߴߊ߬ ߕߎ߲߬ ߓߘߊ߫ ߝߐ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߡߐ߲ߕߐ߲߫ ߓߐ߬ߓߐ߬ߟߊ߬ߞߊ ߦߴߊ߬ ߡߊ߬. ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߞߊ߬ ߖߊ߯ߓߊߟߌ߫ ߂ ߟߎ߬ ߓߊ߲ߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߡߊ߬ߥߏ ߟߎ߬߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߣߍ߰ߛߎ߬ߓߊ߰ ߞߣߍ߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߘߐ߬ߛߏ߰ߙߋ߬ߟߊ߲߬ ߝߟߐ ߘߌ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߞߊߙߏ ߟߎ߬ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߓߍ߬ ߝߊߙߊ߲ߝߊ߯ߛߌߣߍ߲ ߡߊߛߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߓߊ߲ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߗߋߦߊߟߌ߫ ߓߊߖߎߟߞߊ ߟߊ߫ ߜߊ߲ߠߌ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߝߍ߬ ߁߉߈߀ ߣߍߣߍߓߊ ߁߂ ߡߊ߬߸ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߝߋ߲߫ ߠߊߘߊ߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߅ ߟߎ߬ ߛߓߊߣߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߒ߬ߞߘߐ߬ߟߌ ߞߊߟߌߦߊ ߞߊ߬ߣߌ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߓߐ߫ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ ߞߊ߲ߞߋ ߘߐ߫. [ߞߏߝߐߟߌ߫ ߞߟߊ߬ߟߊ߬ߡߊ] ߂߀߁߂ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߂߅߸ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߟߋ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߡߎ߬ߙߊ߲߬ ߝߟߐߡߊ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߞߊ߬ ߕߋ߬ߟߋ ߘߊ߲߬ ߜߟߎߞߘߎ ߘߐߛߊ߲߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߓߟߊߓߟߊߕߍߞߣߍ ߞߊ߲߬. ߛߙߋߦߊߟߌ߫ ߜߘߍ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߛߍ߲ߓߍߡߊ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ ߘߐ߫߸ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߛߘߍ ߟߎ߬ ߓߊ߲߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߐߘߌ߯ߟߊ߲ ߡߊߝߍߣߍ߲ߠߌ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߜߋ߬ߙߋ ߛߊߞߍߟߌ ߘߐ߫ (TCM) ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߔߊ߲ߞߙߎ ߘߐ߫ ߂߀߁߇ ߓߊ߲߫ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫ (ߞߊ߬ߦߌ߯ ߊ߬ ߞߐߘߌ߯ߟߊ߲ ߛߋ߲߬ߓߐ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ߦߌ߯ ߁߉߈߀ ߠߊ߫)߸ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮ ߘߏ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߗߋߦߊߟߌ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߊ߮ ߟߊߖߊ߲߰ߧߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߛߊ߲߭ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߛߓߊ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߟߊ߫. ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߟߊ߫ ߗߋߦߊߟߌ߫ ߞߕߐߙߐ߲ߘߓߐߣߍ߲ ߏ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߘߊߓߊ߲߫ ߠߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߴߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ ߂߀߂߅ ߟߊ߫ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߐ߫߸ ߣߴߊ߬ ߢߎߡߍߛߎ߲߫ ߥߎߦߋ߲ߢߎߡߍ߫ ߥߎߢߊ߲߫ ߦߙߐߢߐ߲߮ (radio-isotopes) ߡߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߢߎߡߍ߫ ߜߟߐߡߌ߲ ߞߟߊ߬ߟߡߊ߬ ߡߊߛߐ߫ ߟߴߏ߬ ߞߐ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߛߴߊ߬ ߟߐ߲ߞߏ ߡߎ߬ߙߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫. ߗߋߦߊߟߌ ߞߟߏߜߍߢߐ߲߮
߁߉߆߀ ߟߊ߫߸ ߟߊ߬ߞߎ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ ߞߎ߲ߓߊ ߘߏ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮ ߘߏ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫߸ ߖߐ߲߬ߛߊ߫ ߞߐߞߊ߲߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊߟߌ ߟߎ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ ߠߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߊ߬ ߣߖ߭ߊ ߞߘߊߡߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ ߗߋߦߊߟߌ ߘߏ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߁߉߇߀ ߟߊ߫. ߝߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߕߍ ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߋ߲߬ ߔߌߦߏߣߍߙ ߁߀߲ ߟߊ߫ ߞߌ߬ߓߊ߬ߙߏ߬ߦߊ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊߛߣߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߞߋ߬ߥߎ߬ߣߍ߲߬ߞߋߥߎ ߟߎ߬ ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߘߍ߬ߡߍ߲߫ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߠߊߘߊ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߝߢߊߝߢߊ߫ ߓߟߏߡߊ߬ ߝߌ߲߬ߕߐ߲߬ ߠߊߡߌߣߌ߲ ߥߎߢߊ߲ߥߎߢߊ߲߫ ߘߊ߲߬ߠߊߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߝߣߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߛߎ߬ ߞߎ߬ߘߎ߲߬ߣߍ߲߬ ߕߴߊ߬ ߓߎ߰ߓߎ߬ߡߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߕߓߌߟߌ߫ ߝߎߥߊ߲ ߛߓߍߝߌߘߊ߫ ߡߙߎߝߋ ߘߏ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߡߟߊߡߟߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߟߊ߬ߞߊ߲߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ ߡߊߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߥߎߢߊ߲ߥߎߢߊ߲ ߞߘߐ߫. ߞߎߡߊ߫ ߟߊߛߎߘߎ߲ߧߊ߫ ߘߐ߫߸ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭ ߘߐߓߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߊߙߌߣߍߙ ߁߁߲ ߠߋ߬ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬ ߡߊߙߌߣߍߙ ߢߍߥߟߊ ߘߐ߫. ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߝߛߎߞߎ߫ ߞߏ ߜߍ߬ߙߍ߲߬ߘߍ ߡߊ߬߸ ߗߋߦߊߟߌ ߘߐߘߏ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߜߊ߲ߠߌ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߝߌ߲߬ߕߐ߲߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߝߍ߬߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߐ߯ߟߊ߫ ߛߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߘߐ߬ߛߏ߰ߙߋ߬ߟߊ߲߫ ߡߊߙߌߣߍߙ ߝߌ߲߬ߕߐ߲߫-ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮. ߢߍߥߟߊ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߖߊ߲߬ߝߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߢߊ ߡߍ߲߸ ߊ߬ ߕߐ߮ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߫ ߞߐ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲߸ ߓߊߏ߬ ߘߐ߬ߛߏ߰ߙߋ߬ߟߊ߲߫ ߟߊߞߍߟߌ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߢߊ߫ ߜߘߍ߫ ߡߊ߬ ߊ߬ ߜߋ߲ߜߋ߲߫ ߦߏ߫ ߡߊߙߌߣߍߙ ߗߋߦߊߟߌ ߞߐߟߕߊ ߟߎ߫.
This article uses material from the Wikipedia ߒߞߏ article ߕߊ߯ߡߊߘߋ߲ ߁߭, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license ("CC BY-SA 3.0"); additional terms may apply (view authors). ߞߣߐߘߐ ߦߋ߫ CC BY-SA 4.0 ߟߊ߫ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߝߴߊ߬ ߛߌ߬ߣߊ߬ߦߊ߫ ߢߊߝߐߟߌ ߘߋ߬. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
®Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wiki Foundation, Inc. Wiki ߒߞߏ (DUHOCTRUNGQUOC.VN) is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wiki Foundation.