Gerakan Sosial: Jenis tindakan kumpulan

Gerakan sosial ialah satu usaha yang disusun secara longgar oleh sekumpulan besar orang untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu, biasanya sosial atau politik.

Ini mungkin untuk melaksanakan, menentang atau membatalkan perubahan sosial. Ini merupakan jenis tindakan kumpulan dan mungkin melibatkan individu, pertubuhan atau kedua-duanya. Definisi istilah sedikit berbeza. Gerakan sosial telah digambarkan sebagai "struktur dan strategi organisasi yang dapat memberi kuasa kepada penduduk yang tertindas untuk menghadapi cabaran yang berkesan dan menentang golongan elit yang lebih kuat dan berfaedah". Mereka mewakili kaedah perubahan sosial dari bawah dalam negara.

Gerakan Sosial: Jenis tindakan kumpulan
peringkat gerakan sosial

Rujukan

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  • Angelique Haugerud, No Billionaire Left Behind: Satirical Activism in America, Stanford University Press, 2013. ISBN 9780804781534
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  • James M. Jasper. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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  • Jenkins, J. Craig; Perrow, Charles (1977). "Insurgency of the Powerless Farm Worker Movements (1946–1972)". American Sociological Review. 42 (2): 249–268. doi:10.2307/2094604. JSTOR 2094604.
  • Diana Kendall, Sociology In Our Times, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. ISBN 0-534-64629-8
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  • Donna Maurer. 2002. Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment? Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-936-X
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  • Denton E. Morrison. 1978. "Some Notes toward Theory on Relative Deprivation, Social Movements, and Social Change." In Louis E. Genevie, ed., Collective Behavior and Social Movements. Itasca, Ill.: Peacock. pp. 202–209.
  • Mölders, Marc; Schrape, Jan-Felix (2019). "Digital Deceleration. Protest and Societal Irritation in the Internet Age". ÖZS. 44 (1): 199–215. doi:10.1007/s11614-019-00354-3. S2CID 189875881.
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  • Jeff Pugh. 2008. "Vectors of Contestation: Social Movements and Party Systems in Ecuador and Colombia." Latin American Essays XXI: 46-65.
  • Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6. [1]
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  • Neil J. Smelser. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-929390-1
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  • Suzanne Staggenborg, Social Movements, Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-542309-9
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  • Charles Tilly, 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1978.
  • Charles Tilly, Social Movements, 1768–2004, Boulder, CO, Paradigm Publishers, 2004 262 pp. ISBN 1-59451-042-3 (hardback) / ISBN 1-59451-043-1 (paperback)
  • Leonard Weinberg, 2013. Democracy and Terrorism. New York: Routledge, 2013.
  • Quintan Wiktorowicz, Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
  • Marco G. Giugni, How Social Movements Matter, University of Minnesota Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8166-2914-5
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  • Michael Barker, Conform or Reform? Social Movements and the Mass Media, Fifth-Estate-Online - International Journal of Radical Mass Media Criticism. February 2007. Fifth-estate-online.co.uk
  • Dennis Chong, "Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement", University of Chicago Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0-226-10441-6

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