Ko te reo Māori te reo o te tangata whenua o Aotearoa.
Nā te ture anō i whakamana te reo Māori hei reo a te motu o Aotearoa. 160,000 ngā kaikōrero reo Māori i Aotearoa, e ai ki te tatauranga tangata o te motu i te tau 1996. Ko ngā takiwā kaha ki te mau i te reo hei reo hapori ko Te Tai-tokerau, ko Te Urewera, ko Te Tai-rāwhiti.
Reo Māori | |
---|---|
Whakahua | [ˈmaːɔɾi] |
Taketake kei | Aotearoa |
Rohe | Porinīhia |
Mātāwaka | Māori |
Kaikōrero taketake | Koni ake, iti iho rānei 50,000 tāngata pūrongotia ka taea e rātou te kōrero i te reo pai, tino pai rānei. (2015) Koni ake, iti iho rānei 186,000 ngā tāngata pūrongotia kāhua mōhio o te reo. (2018) |
Whānau reo | Ahiteronīhia
|
Pūnaha tuhi | Tuhi Rātini (Arapū Māori) Tuhi matapō Māori |
Mana ōkawa | |
Reo ōkawa kei | Aotearoa |
Whakariteritehia e | Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori |
Waehere reo | |
ISO 639-1 | mi |
ISO 639-2 | mao (B) mri (T) |
ISO 639-3 | mri |
Glottolog | maor1246 |
ELP | Māori |
Glottopedia | Maori |
Linguasphere | 39-CAQ-a |
IETF | mi-NZ |
Te tohatoha reo Māori ki roto o Aotearoa | |
Ko te reo Māori kua whakarōpūtia hei Whakaraerae e te UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Ko te reo Māori nō te reo whānau o ngā iwi o Porinīhia ki te rāwhiti, arā he reo ka ahu mai nō te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, me te aha, e ōrite ana te reo Māori ki te reo o Rarotonga, o Manihiki-Rakahanga, o Tahiti, ā, o ngā moutere Tuamotu anō hoki. He whanaunga āhua tawhiti anō ki te reo o Hawaii, o Nuku Hiva, o Rapa Nui me ētahi atu moutere o te Moana-nui-o-Kiwa. Ahakoa he nui atu i te kotahi mano tau i wehe mai i ērā o aua reo whanaunga, he tata tonu. I te taenga mai o Kāpene Kuki ki Aotearoa i te 1769, he rangatira nō Tahiti, ko Tupaea te ingoa, i runga i tana kaipuke. Ko te mahi a Tupaea, he kōrero tahi ki ngā Māori, i mārama rātou ki tana reo, kore rawa he raruraru; arā he kaiwhakamāori ia kia mōhio ai a Kuki ki ngā whakaaro o te Māori o taua wā. Mā te ripanga i raro iho nei e whakamārama ngā hononga i waenganui i ngā reo o Porinīhia:
Tonga | Niue | Hāmoa | Rapa Nui | Tahiti | Rarotonga | Māori | Hawaii | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rangi | /laŋi/ | /laŋi/ | /laŋi/ | /ɾaŋi/ | /ɾaʔi/ | /ɾaŋi/ | /ɾaŋi/ | /lani/ |
tokerau | /tokelau/ | /tokelau/ | /toʔelau/ | /tokeɾau/ | /toʔeɾau/ | /tokeɾau/ | /tokeɾau/ | /koʔolau/ |
wahine | /fefine/ | /fifine/ | /fafine/ | /hahine/ | /vahine/ | /vaʔine/ | /wahine/ | /wahine/ |
whare | /fale/ | /fale/ | /fale/ | /haɾe/ | /faɾe/ | /ʔaɾe/ | /ɸaɾe/ | /hale/ |
matua | /motuʔa/ | /motua/ | /matua/ | /matuʔa/ | /metua/ | /metua/ | /matua/ | /makua/ |
Ki tō te Māori whakaaro, ko te reo Māori he reo tapu, he reo tuku iho nā ngā atua ki ngā tūpuna. "He mana tō te reo, he ihi tō te reo, he tapu tō te reo. He wairua tō te reo, he mauri anō tō te reo. Mā te wairua ka rangona te reo, mā te mauri ka mana ai te reo. I kī mai ngā tūpuna, ko te reo rauriki te reo tapu o Ranginui rātou ko ngā atua; ko te reo reiuru e kōrerotia ake nei ko te reo tapu o Papatūānuku. Nā, ko te reo rauriki te reo hei kawe i te manawa tapu o ngā karakia, ā, ka whakauru atu ki roto i te tangata, kia pērā anō te mana o tana kupu i tō ngā atua ki tā rātou i whakahau mai ai i te rangi. Ko te reo reiuru, ko tōna kōrero ko te reo e taea ai e te tangata te kōrero, te mātau rānei ki ngā momo reo kē o Papatūānuku, arā te reo o ngā manu, o ngā ika, o ngā kararehe, o ngā rākau, o ngā uri katoa o Papatūānuku. Kia nei te reo wāhine hei whakaoho ake i te hunga wairua i runga anō i te tangi karanga ka whakapāoho ki runga i ngā marae. E kore e taea e te tangata te mau ki ēnei reo, mena kāhore noa e tapu pono ki ngā atua, ko te mea nui ko te reo tapu me ngā karakia tapu. Mā te reo ka manaakitia te tangata, ko taua reo anō ka kanga i te tangata; mā te reo ka piki te tangata ki ngā taumata whakahirahira, ko taua reo anō ka heke te tangata ki te pito kukume tonu o Whirotetupua. Nō reira, ko te reo tapu he tohu mana nō te tangata, he mana tūturu nō te atua, e kore e whakapōreareatia e te tangata kē" (Barlow 1991:112).
He rerekē te tangi me te mita o te reo o ia iwi, o ia iwi, o ia iwi; hei tauira, he rerekē te tangi mai o te reo o Waikato ki tērā o Te Wai-pounamu. Nā Te Manihera (R. Maunsell), te ātirīkona o Tāmaki Makaurau, i kōrerohia ngā reo-ā-iwi i roto i te tuawhā o ngā putanga o tana pukapuka Grammar of the New Zealand Language i te 1894. E ai ki Te Manihera, e whitu ngā reo-ā-iwi nō roto tonu i Te Ika-a-Māui. Nāna hoki te kōrero, he rerekētanga anō i roto tonu o aua reo e whitu. Mai i taua wā, nā ētahi atu tohunga wetereo e whakarerekēngia ai aua whakaaro; engari mā te ripanga nei e whakaatu ētahi o aua rerekētanga:
Ngā Puhi | Waikato | Waipounamu | Whanganui | Rotorua | Tai-rāwhiti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
karani papa | matua keke | poua | koro | koroua | morehu koroua |
karani mama | koka | taua | kui | kuia | morehu kuia |
matikara | matimati | kaokao | matimati | matimati | matikao |
hangai | whangai | whakai | wangai | whangai | whangai |
manuhiri | manuwhiri | wihita | manuwiri | manuhiri | manuhiri |
kahore | kao | kao | kaore | kaore | kare |
e pehea ana koe | e pewhea ana koe | kei te pehea koe | kei te pe'ea koe | kai te aha koe | kei te pehea koe |
hakarongo | whakarongo | whakaroko | w'akarongo | whakarongo | whakarono |
Nō ngā tau whakatuwhera o te Rautau 19, ka tīmata te noho tahi a te Pākehā ki te Māori i Aotearoa nei. Nō te tau 1815, ka puta te pukapuka tuatahi i tāia ki te reo, He Korao o Niu Tireni nā Tāmati Kānara. Ko te whakamārama o te taitara o taua pukapuka, 'He kōrero o Aotearoa'. Nō muri ake, ka tāia e Koroneho, e Wiremu he pukapuka i roto i te reo. Ko tētahi pukapuka whaimana i tāia i taua wā ko te Paipera Tapu. He kaha hoki te Māori ki te tuhituhi kōrero i te reo. Ka taea hoki te kī, i taua wā, he pai ake ngā Māori i ngā Pākēhā ki te tuhituhi.
Ko te mea whakahinapōuri kē ki te ngākau Māori, ka tahuri ngā Pākehā ki te hāpai i te mana o tō rātou ake reo. Nō te tau 1867, i kī te ture mō ngā kura Māori, kia akongia ki te reo Ingarihi i ngā kura, kia kaua ngā tamariki e kōrero i te Reo i roto i ngā kura. Ka tīmata i konei te waimemehatanga o te reo rangatira, nā te mea ki te kōrero Māori ngā tamariki i roto i ngā kura ka patua e ngā kaiako Pākehā. He raruraru nui tērā. Koia rā i mataku ai rātou ki te kōrero i te reo, ka tahuri kē ki te reo Pākehā. "Ka mōhio mai tātou, ki te kore e kōrero i te reo i roto i ngā tū āhua mahi katoa a te iwi, ia rā, ia rā, ka hohoro te ngaro, ka mate hoki te reo. Ko te mea tika me kōrero tonu te reo i ngā wā katoa, i roto i ngā karakia, i ngā wāhi mahi, i ngā toa hokohoko, i ngā wheketere, i ngā wāhi tākaro, i ngā kura; nō reira, mā ēnei whakaritenga ka tupu kaha te reo - kia kaua e ngaro. Nā reira, itiiti noa iho ngā wāhi kōrero i te reo Māori; ki ngā marae, me ētahi kura, hāhi, me ngā kohanga reo... Ahakoa, e kaha ana te Māori ki te whakamana i te reo hei reo tūturu mō ngā tāngata o tō tātou motu. E kore pea e taea kia noho ia hei reo mō ētahi taikanga motuhake i roto i te iwi, pēnei i te reo mihi i runga i ngā marae, hei reo kōrero hoki mō ētahi o ngā whānau. Ko te tumanako kia hāpaitia tonutia te reo kia kore e ngaro, engari kia pūāwai i runga i ngā tikanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi, kia whakapuare huarahi kia noho pūmau tonu te reo hei taonga whakahirahira mō ake tonu atu" (Barlow 1991:113).
I whakatūhia Te Rōpū Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi i te marama o Whiringa-a-nuku, 1975. I puta te rangahau mō te āhuatanga o te reo Māori 1973-78 a te Kaunihera Rangahau Mātauranga o Aotearoa (NZCER) e kī ana 18-20 ōrau anake o te iwi Māori e matatau ana ki te kōrero i te reo Māori, ā, i kī anō hoki kei te noho tino mōrearea te reo Māori. I te tau 1986 i rongohia e te Rōpū Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi te kereme mō Te Reo Māori. Nā tēnei i tū ai Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori i te tau 1987. Nā te mahi rangahau a te motu 1995, e pā ana ki te āhua o te reo, i whakapūmau ngā kitenga a tērā o ngā rangahau ki mua, me te tohu mai ahakoa e kōrerotia ana te reo Māori e te 59 ōrau o ngā pakeke Māori, e kitea ana ko te tokomaha (83 ōrau) o rātou he paku noa iho te matau mō te kōrero, ko ētahi kāre i paku kōrero i te reo Māori. E 8 ōrau anake o ngā pakeke Māori e tino matatau ana ki te reo Māori, ā, 33 ōrau o rātou, 60 tau te pakeke - neke atu rānei.
I te tau 1986, i mauria atu he kerēme ki te Rōpū Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi, ko te kerēme mō te reo Māori. Kātahi te ture mo te Reo Māori ka pahure hei Reo atoato i Aotearoa. I taua wā tonu, ka tū Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori hei Tari Kawana hei whanaketanga hei tautoko hoki i te Reo, i runga i te whakaaro i tukuna kētia te kerēme mo Te Reo Māori ki te Rōpū Whakamana. Ka whakamanahia-ā-ture te Ture Reo Māori i te Here-turi-kōkā o 1987. E toru ōna kaupapa:
Ko Te Wiki o te Reo Māori he kaupapa o Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori kia whakatairangatia te whakamahia o te reo MāoriI tīmata te Wiki o te Reo Māori i te tau 1975. I te tīmatanga i whakatūhia he rā hei whakanui i te reo Māori. Ko te 14 o Mahuru 1972 te rā i whakatakotohia ki mua o te aroaro o te Pāremata te petihana mō te Reo Māori e mau ana i ngā waitohu 30,000. Nō te tau 1973 ka huri te rā hei wiki whakanui i te reo. I muri mai i tēnei ka nekehia e te Tāhuhu Mātauranga ki te marama o Hōngongoi kia hāngai ki te wāhanga kura o taua tau, ā, kei te mau tonu ki taua marama.
Ko ngā kīwaha he momo kōrero e whakaahua ana i ngā āhuatanga o ia rā, o ia rā, ā, me uaua ka kitea te tikanga tūturu i te papakupu, i te pukapuka wetereo rānei. Ki te whāia he tikanga ake o tēnā, o tēnā kupu, kāore tonu e kitea he māramatanga, i te mea kei tua kē te aronga o te kōrero. Nā Te Taura Whiri i Te Reo ēnei whakamārama:
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