Leonardo Da Vinci: Italian Renaissance polymath (1452−1519)

Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci alivyojichora
Amezaliwa	15 Aprili 1452
Amefariki	2 Mei 1519
Kazi yake	mwanahisabati, mhandisi, mwanasayansi, mgunduzi, mwanaanatomi, mchoraji, mchongaji, msanifuujenzi, mwanabotania, mwanamuziki na mwandishi

Leonardo Da Vinci (Vinci, Toscana, Italia, 15 Aprili 1452 – Amboise, Ufaransa, 2 Mei 1519) alikuwa mtu mwenye vipaji vingi kutoka nchini Italia.

Kifupi, alikuwa mwanahisabati, mhandisi, mwanasayansi, mgunduzi, mwanaanatomi, mchoraji, mchongaji, msanifuujenzi, mwanabotania, mwanamuziki na mwandishi.

Ndiye mwakilishi bora wa tapo la Renaissance.

Leonardo alikuwa mdadisi wa kila kitu asilia. Alitaka kujua kila kitu kinavyofanya kazi. Alikuwa hodari sana katika kusoma, kuunda na kutengeneza vitu vya aina mbalimbali tena vya kupendeza.

Mwanahistoria wa sanaa Helen Gardner alisema hakuna mtu aliyewahi kuwa kama yeye kwa sababu alikuwa na shauku na vitu vingi sana: "...Akili yake na utu wake vinaonekana kuwa zaidi ya mtu, ni mtu wa ajabu na tofauti".

Leonardo siku zote alikuwa akifiria kugundua mambo mapya. Vitu vingi alivyogundua havikuwahi kufanywa. Hata hivyo, tunajua fikra zake, kwa sababu aliweka kwenye vijitabu na kuandika na kuvichora mara kwa mara.

Baadhi ya nadharia alizofikiria ni pamoja na helikopta, kifaru, baiskeli, kikokotoo, roboti na vifaa vinavyogeuza nishati ya jua kuwa umeme.

Leonardo aliweza kufanya vitu vya aina nyingi vya kijanja, lakini alikuwa maarufu sana kama mchoraji. Watu wengi hufikiria kwamba Leonardo alikuwa mmoja kati ya wachoraji bora wa historia yote. Amefanya michoro mingi sana. Miongoni mwa picha zake, mbili zilizo maarufu zaidi duniani ni Mona Lisa na Karamu ya mwisho.

Mchoro mwingine unaojulikana sana ni Vitruvian Man. Unajulikana sana hata Homer Simpson na Garfield ambazo zilichorwa kwa mraba na mzunguko ili kuonekana kama mchoro.

Utoto, 1452–1466

 

Leonardo alizaliwa tarehe 15 Aprili 1452, mkoani Toscana, katika mji mdogo wa kilimani wa Vinci, katika mabonde ya Mto Arno, karibu na Florence nchini Italia.

Babu yake, Ser Antonio, anajivunia kwa kuweka kumbukumbu ya maelezo. Wazazi wa Leonardo walikuwa hawajaoana. Baba yake alikuwa mwanasheria, Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci. Mama yake, Caterina, alikuwa mhudumu. Yawezekana alikuwa mtumwa kutoka Mashariki ya Kati. Jina kamili la Leonardo lilikuwa "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", ambalo lina manaa ya "Leonardo, mtoto wa Bwana Piero kutoka Vinci".

Leonardo alitumia miaka yake mitano ya awali akiishi katika nyumba ya shambani na mama yake. Halafu akaja kuishi Vinci na baba yake, mke wa baba yake aliyeitwa Albiera, mabibi/mababu zake na wajomba zake, Francesco.

Wakati Leonardo ameshakua, aliandika vitu viwili tu kuhusu maisha yake ya utotoni. Alikumbuka kwamba alivyokuwa amelala kwenye kitanda chake cha watoto nje ya nyumba yao ndege mkubwa alikuwa akipaa na kumzungukazunguka juu yake. Mikia yake ikawa inamfutafuta sura yake. Kumbukumbu nyingine muhimu ya Leonardo ilikuwa vipi aligundua pango milimani wakati anapeleleza. Alikuwa na hofu kubwa sana huenda kukawa na kiumbe kikubwa cha ajabu kimejificha mle ndani ya pango. Lakini pia alikuwa na hamu na shauku ya kujua kilichopo mle ndani.

Giorgio Vasari aliandika kuhusu maisha ya Leonardo kwa ufupi baada ya kifo chake. Ameelezea hadithi za kuvutia kibao kuhusu utundu aliokuwa nao Leonardo. Anasema kwamba Leonardo alichora bamba la taarifa la mbao-mzunguko likiwa na picha ya mijoka inayotema moto. Messer Piero alichukua michoro ya mwanawe hadi Florence na kuiuza kwa wauzaji wa bidhaa za kisanaa.

Ujana na utu uzima

 

Leonardo alianza kuchora tangu yungali bado kijana. Alifunzwa usanii na mchongaji na mchoraji Verrocchio.

Sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake alimtumikia tajiri mmoja maarufu wa Italia.

Mwaka 1516 Leonardo alikwenda Amboise, Ufaransa, baada ya kupata mwaliko kutoka kwa mfalme Fransisko I. Kati ya mizigo aliyosafiri nayo ulikuwemo mchoro maarufu wa Monalisa.

Leonardo aliishi mjini Amboise, katika nyumba yake nzuri aliyopewa na Mfalme huyo wa Ufaransa, miaka yake ya mwisho, toka mwaka huo mpaka mwaka 1519.

Afya yake haikuwa nzuri kwa sababu alipatwa na ugonjwa wa kiharusi toka mwaka 1517, lakini taarifa za ugonjwa wake zikatolewa wiki chache kabla ya kifo chake.

Kifo

Alifariki huko Amboise tarehe 2 Mei 1519 akiwa na umri wa miaka 67, akazikwa St. Hubert.

• Daniel Arasse (1997). Leonardo da Vinci. Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 1-56852-198-7. 
• Michael Baxandall (1974). Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-881329-5. 
• Andrea Bayer (2004). Painters of reality: the legacy of Leonardo and Caravaggio in Lombardy. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-116-2. 
• Fred Bérence (1965). Léonard de Vinci, L'homme et son oeuvre. Somogy. Dépot légal 4° trimestre 1965. 
• Luciano Berti (1971). The Uffizi. Scala. 
• Liana Bortolon (1967). The Life and Times of Leonardo. Paul Hamlyn, London. 
• Hugh Brigstoke (2001). The Oxford Companion the Western Art. U.S.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866203-3. 
• Gene A. Brucker (1969). Renaissance Florence. Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-11370-0. 
• Fritjof Capra (2007). The Science of Leonardo. U.S.: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51390-6. 
• Cennino Cennini (2009). Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui. U.S.: BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-103-39032-8. 
• Angela Ottino della Chiesa (1967). The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. Penguin Classics of World Art series. ISBN 0-14-008649-8. 
• Simona Cremante (2005). Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor. Giunti. ISBN 88-09-03891-6. 
• Frederich Hartt (1970). A History of Italian Renaissance Art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-23136-2. 
• Martin Kemp (2004). Leonardo. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280644-0. 
• Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1983. ISBN 978-0-87099-362-6. 
• Mario Lucertini, Ana Millan Gasca, Fernando Nicolo (2004). Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems. Birkhauser. ISBN 3-7643-6940-X. 
• John N. Lupia. The Secret Revealed: How to Look at Italian Renaissance Painting. Medieval and Renaissance Times, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer, 1994): 6–17. ISSN 1075-2110. 
• Andrew Martindale (1972). The Rise of the Artist. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-56006-4. 
• Roger Masters (1996). Machiavelli, Leonardo and the Science of Power. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-01433-7. 
• Roger Masters (1998). Fortune is a River: Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-452-28090-7. 
• Müntz, Eugène (1898). Leonardo da Vinci. Artist, Thinker, and Man of Science. Volume 1. London: William Heinemann. 
• Müntz, Eugène (1898). Leonardo da Vinci. Artist, Thinker, and Man of Science. Volume 2. London: William Heinemann. 
• Charles D. O'Malley and J. B. de C. M. Sounders (1952). Leonardo on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With Translations, Emendations and a Biographical Introduction. Henry Schuman, New York. 
• Charles Nicholl (2005). Leonardo da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-029681-6. 
• Sherwin B. Nuland (2001). Leonardo Da Vinci. Phoenix Press. ISBN 0-7538-1269-X. 
• A.E. Popham (1946). The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-60462-7. 
• Shana Priwer & Cynthia Phillips (2006). The Everything Da Vinci Book: Explore the Life and Times of the Ultimate Renaissance Man. Adams Media. ISBN 1-59869-101-5. 
• Ilan Rachum (1979). The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia. Octopus. ISBN 0-7064-0857-8. 
• Jean Paul Richter (1970). The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Dover. ISBN 0-486-22572-0.  volume 2: ISBN 0-486-22573-9. A reprint of the original 1883 edition.
• Marco Rosci (1977). Leonardo. Bay Books Pty Ltd. ISBN 0-85835-176-5. 
• Paolo Rossi (2001). The Birth of Modern Science. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22711-3. 
• Bruno Santi (1990). Leonardo da Vinci. Scala / Riverside. 
• Theophilus (1963). On Divers Arts. U.S.: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-79482-2. 
• Jack Wasserman (1975). Leonardo da Vinci. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-0262-1. 
• Giorgio Vasari (1568). Lives of the Artists. Penguin Classics, trans. George Bull 1965. ISBN 0-14-044164-6. 
• Williamson, Hugh Ross (1974). Lorenzo the Magnificent. Michael Joseph. ISBN 0-7181-1204-0. 
• Emanuel Winternitz (1982). Leonardo Da Vinci As a Musician. U.S.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02631-3. 
• Alessandro Vezzosi (1997). Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man (toleo la English translation). Thames & Hudson Ltd, London. ISBN 0-500-30081-X. 
• Frank Zollner (2003). Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-1734-1.  [The chapter "The Graphic Works" is by Frank Zollner & Johannes Nathan].

Angalia mengine kuhusu Leonardo da Vinci kwenye miradi mingine ya Wiki:
	picha na media kutoka Commons
	nukuu kutoka Wikiquote
	matini za ushuhuda na vyanzo kutoka Wikisource

• Leonardo da Vinci" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
• Leonardo da Vinci and the Virgin of the Rocks, A different point of view Archived 3 Julai 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
• Works by Leonardo da Vinci katika Project Gutenberg
• Leonardo da Vinci by Maurice Walter Brockwell at Project Gutenberg
• Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks
• Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings
• Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci
• Da Vinci Decoded Article from The Guardian
• The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?
• Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism
• The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci
• Leonardo da Vinci at BBC Science
• Yahoo news, 500-year-old Leonardo da Vinci sculpture 'Horse and Riderunveiled
• Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomist The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace, Friday, 4 May 2012 to Sunday, 7 October 2012. High-resolution anatomical drawings.
• Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman, Catalog of an exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Jan. 22-Mar. 30, 2003.

Makala hii kuhusu mwanasayansi fulani bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Leonardo da Vinci kama wasifu wake, habari za maisha au kazi yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.