ວິວັດທະນາການ

ວິວັດທະນາການເກີດຈາກຂະບວນການຫຼັກ 3 ຂະບວນການ ໄດ້ແກ່

• ຄວາມແປຜັນ
• ການສືບພັນ ແລະ
• ການຄັດເລືອກ

ໂດຍອາໄສແຊນ (gène) ເປັນໂຕກາງໃນການສົ່ງຜ່ານລັກສະນະທາງພັນທຸກຳ ອັນເປັນພື້ນຖານຂອງການເກີດວິວັດທະນາການ ລັກສະນະເຊັ່ນນີ້ ແມ່ນເກີດຂຶ້ນໃນປະຊາກອນເພື່ອໃຫ້ເກີດຄວາມແປຜັນທາງພັນທຸກຳເມື່ອສິ່ງມີຊີວິດໃຫ້ກຳເນີດລູກຫຼານມັກເກີດລັກສະນະໃໝ່ ຫຼືປ່ຽນແປງລັກສະນະເດີມ.

ລັກສະນະໃໝ່ທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນນີ້ມີສາເຫດສຳຄັນ 2 ປະການ: ປະການນຶ່ງ ເກີດຈາກຂະບວນການກາຍພັນຂອງແຊນ, ສ່ວນປະການສອງ ເກີດຈາກການແລກປ່ຽນແຊນລະຫວ່າງປະຊາກອນ ແລະລະຫວ່າງແອສະແປດ (espèce) ໃນສິ່ງມີຊີວິດທີ່ມີການສືບພັນແບບອາໄສເພດ ສິ່ງມີຊີວິດໃໝ່ທີ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນຈະຜ່ານຂະບວນການແລກປ່ຽນແຊນ ອັນກໍ່ໃຫ້ເກີດຄວາມແປຜັນທາງພັນທຸກຳທີ່ຫຼາກຫຼາຍໃນສິ່ງມີຊີວິດ.

ວິວັດທະນາການເກີດຂຶ້ນເມື່ອຄວາມແຕກຕ່າງທາງພັນທຸກຳເກີດຂຶ້ນ ຈົນເກີດຄວາມແຕກຕ່າງຫຼາຍຂຶ້ນເລື້ອຍໆ ຈົນກາຍເປັນລັກສະນະທີ່ແຕກຕ່າງກັນ.

ບັນນານຸກົມ

• Cracraft, J.; Donoghue, M. J., eds. (2005). Assembling the tree of life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517234-5.
• Darwin, Charles (1859). "XIV". On The Origin of Species. p. 503. ISBN 0-8014-1319-2.
• Futuyma, Douglas J., ed. (1999). "Evolution, Science, and Society: Evolutionary Biology and the National Research Agenda". Office of University Publications, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
• Hall, B. K.; Hallgrímsson, B., eds. (2008). Strickberger's Evolution (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett. p. 762. ISBN 0-7637-0066-5.
• Kimura M (1991). "The neutral theory of molecular evolution: a review of recent evidence". Jpn. J. Genet. 66(4): 367–86. doi:10.1266/jjg.66.367. PMID 1954033.
• Lewontin, R. C. (1970). "The units of selection". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1: 1–18.doi:10.1146/annurev.es.01.110170.000245.JSTOR 2096764.
• Moore, R.; Decker, M.; Cotner, S. (2009). Chronology of the Evolution-Creationism Controversy. Greenwood. p. 454.ISBN 0-313-36287-4.
• National Academy of Science Institute of Medicine (2008).Science, Evolution, and Creationism. National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-10586-2.
• Panno, Joseph (2005). The Cell: Evolution of the First Organism. Facts on File INC. ISBN 0-8160-4946-7.
• Provine, W. B. (1988). "Progress in evolution and meaning in life". Evolutionary progress. University of Chicago Press. pp. 49–79.

ບົດຄວາມສຳລັບຜູ້ເລີ່ມຕົ້ນສຶກສາ

• Carroll, S. (2005). Endless Forms Most Beautiful. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-06016-0.
• Charlesworth, C.B. and Charlesworth, D. (2003). Evolution. Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280251-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Coyne, J. (2009). Why evolution is true. Penguin Group. ISBN ISBN 978-0-670-02053-9..
• Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene: 30th Anniversary Edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-929115-2.
• Gould, S.J. (1989). Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-30700-X.
• Jones, J.S. (2001). Almost Like a Whale: The Origin of Species Updated. (American title: Darwin's Ghost). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-42277-5.
• Mader, Sylvia S. (2007). Biology. Murray P. Pendarvis (9th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-325839-3.
• Maynard Smith, J. (1993). The Theory of Evolution: Canto Edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45128-0.
• Pallen, M.J. (2009). The Rough Guide to Evolution. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-946-5.
• Smith, C.B. and Sullivan, C. (2007). The Top 10 Myths about Evolution. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-479-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

ປະຫວັດສາດຄວາມເປັນມາຂອງຄວາມຄຶດທາງວິວັດທະນາການ

• Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species (1st ed.). London: John Murray. ISBN 0-8014-1319-2.
• Larson, E.J. (2004). Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-64288-9.
• Zimmer, C. (2001). Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019906-7.

ບົດຄວາມອ່ານລະດັບສູງ

• Barton, N.H., Briggs, D.E.G., Eisen, J.A., Goldstein, D.B. and Patel, N.H. (2007). Evolution. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 0-87969-684-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Coyne, J.A. and Orr, H.A. (2004). Speciation. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-089-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Futuyma, D.J. (2005). Evolution. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-187-2.
• Bergstrom, C.T. and Lee Alan Dugatkin (2011). Evolution. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-92592-7.
• Gould, S.J. (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge: Belknap Press (Harvard University Press). ISBN 978-0-674-00613-3.
• Maynard Smith, J. and Szathmáry, E. (1997). The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850294-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Mayr, E. (2001). What Evolution Is. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04426-3.
• Minelli A. (2009) – Forms of Becoming. 242 pp. Princeton: Princeton University Press
• Olson, Wendy; Hall, Brian Keith (2003). Keywords and concepts in evolutionary developmental biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02240-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

ຂໍ້ມູນທົ່ວໄປ

• "Evolution". New Scientist. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
• "How Evolution Works". Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
• "Evolution Resources from the National Academies". U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
• "Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on Evolution". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
• "Evolution of Evolution – 150 Years of Darwin's "On the Origin of Species"". National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on ພຶດສະພາ 27, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2011.

ປະຫວັດຄວາມເປັນມາຂອງຄວາມຄຶດທາງວິວັດທະນາການ

• "The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online". National University of Singapore. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
• Price RG. "Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implications". RationalRevolution.net. Retrieved May 30, 2011.

ການທົດລອງກ່ຽວກັບວິວັດທະນາການທາງຊີວະວິທະຍາ

• Lenski RE. "Experimental Evolution - Michigan State University". Retrieved Jul 31, 2013.

ຄຳປາໄສທາງອິນເຕີເນັດ

• Carroll SB. "The Making of the Fittest". Retrieved May 30, 2011.
• Stearns SC. "Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior". Archived from the original on ມີນາ 23, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.