Holodomor

 

La palavra Holodomor proviene del ukrainio, i signifika ambre. El termino fue utilizado por primera vez por el eskritor nasionalista i antisovyetiko Oleksa Musienko en un reportaje presentado a la Union de Eskritores Ukrainios de Kiev en 1988. Este akontesimiento se konmemora el kuarto sabado del mes de noviembre, tanto en Ukraina i en las komunidades ukrainianas de todo el mundo.

Tras la yegada al poder de Stalin en 1924 se inisio una profunda sovyetizasion de Ukraina. Se yevo a kabo la kolektivizasion de las eksplotasiones ukrainianas, afektando a un 80% de la poblasion de Ukraina payiz primordialmente agrikola, rekvisando la ganaderia i las tierras privadas. Serka de 10 milyones de personas fueron desposeidas de sus hogares i deportadas a Siberia en kondisiones penosas donde peresieron aproksimadamente un tersio. Los kulaks los agrikultores i kampesinos poseedores de propiedades se rebelaron kontra las autoridades lokales sovyetikas i regresaron a sus propiedades unidos por un sentimiento nasional. Las autoridades sovyetikas persibieron el nasionalismo ukrainiano komo una amenaza.

 

Rapidamente fue enviado el Ejersito Rojo para ahogar la rebelion. Paralelamente la polisía sekreta inisio una kampanya de terror kon el objektivo de romper el animo de los kulaks. En 1929, se arrestaron a miles de intelektuales ukrainianos bajo falsos kargos siendo fusilados o enviados a kampos de trabajo (Gulag) en Siberia. En 1932, kolektivizadas forzosamente kasi en su totalidad todas las tierras de Ukraina, Stalin ordeno sistematikamente aumentos en las kuotas de produksion de komida. Se yevo akabo hasta el agotamiento de la komida en los graneros ukrainianos, la kosecha de trigo de 1933 se vendio en el merkado mundial a presios por debajo del merkado para agotarla, se kalkula ke la kosecha de 1933 podria haber alimentado durante 2 anyos a la poblasion de Ukraina, yamada el granero de Evropa.

Siendo kritika la situasion, el Partido Komunista de Ukraina solisito a Stalin la reduksion de las kuotas de komida, nuevamente se envio al Ejersito Rojo para reprender Partido Komunista de Ukraina. La polisia sekreta siguio siempre aterrorizando a la poblasion realizando inspeksiones aleatorias apropiandose de toda la komida encontrada, konsiderada propiedad del estado. El kastigo por robar variaba, desde la muerte al envio minimo de 10 anyos a un Gulag.

Rapidamente se gesto una ambre masiva i duradera. Milyones de personas murieron por inanision. Las sivdades estaban inundadas de miseria i ambre. Los perros, gatos, ranas o ratas pasaron a ser kodisiados i dramatikamente aparesieron kasos de kanibalismo.

Durante los peores momentos se kalkula ke morian unas 25.000 personas kada dia en Ukraina. El rekuento final se situa entre los 5 i los 8 milyones de personas. Desde los payizes de Evropa oksidental i Estatos Unitos d'Amerika los emigrantes ukrainianos respondieron enviando kargamentos de komida. La ayuda fue rekvisada por las autoridades sovyetikas. Los goviernos i la prensa oksidental ignoraron durante mucho tiempo los informes sobre las ambres ke periodikamente se eskapaban al kontrol sovyetiko.

 

El negasionizmo del Holodomor signifika afirmar ke la "ambre artifisial" ukrainiana de 1932-1933 no eksistio. Esta negasion fue la postura tipika de la propaganda sovyetika, respaldada por periodistas i sirkulos oksidentales de izkierda.

Las autoridades sovyetikas -entre ellos, el presidente Mikhail Kalinin o el ministro de asuntos eksteriores Maksim Litvinov- negaron desde el primer momento el Holodomor, i mantuvieron esa aktitud hasta bien entrada la dekada de 1980. En esta misma linea se pronunsiaron numerosos periodistas de payizes oksidentales, komo Walter Duranty o Louis Fischer. La negasion del Holodomor se konvirtio en una eksitosa kampanya de desinformasion, orkestada desde el govierno sovyetiko. Stalin "había logrado lo imposible: silensiar kualkier konversasion sobre el ambre... Mientras morían milyones, la nasion entonaba las loas a la kolektivizasion", tal komo ekspreso el historiador i eskritor Edvard Radzinsky. Otro eksperto sobre el tema -Robert Conquest- afirmo ke fue el primer ensayo sovyetiko de las teknikas de propaganda nazi, y ke luego aplikarian durante los prosesos de Mosku i el okultamiento del Gulag.

Libros i artikulos

• Robert Conquest, La grande terreur, précédé des "Sanglantes moissons: Les purges staliniennes des années 30", (1995) ISBN 2-221-06954-4
• Georges Sokoloff, 1933, L'année noire - Témoignages sur la famine en Ukraine, ISBN 2-226-11690-7
• Myron Dolot, Les affamés / l'holocauste masqué, Ukraine 1929-1933 (1986), ISBN 2-85956-514-0
• Chastushka Journal of American folklore, Volume 89 Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1976
• Fürst, Juliane. Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism Oxford University Press. 30 September 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-957506-0
• Kowalski, Ludwik. Hell on Earth: Brutality and Violence Under the Stalinist Regime Wasteland Press 30 July 2008. ISBN 978-1-60047-232-9
• Ammende, Ewald, Human life in Russia, (Cleveland: J.T. Zubal, 1984), Reprint, Originally published: London, England: Allen & Unwin, 1936.
• The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: a white book, S.O. Pidhainy, Editor-In-Chief, (Toronto: Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian-Communist Terror, 1953), (Vol. 1 Book of testimonies. Vol. 2. The Great Famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933).
• Davies, R.W., The Socialist offensive: the collectivization of Soviet agriculture, 1929–1930, (London: Macmillan, 1980).
• Der ukrainische Hunger-Holocaust: Stalins verschwiegener Volkermond 1932/33 an 7 Millionen ukrainischen Bauern im Spiegel geheimgehaltener Akten des deutschen Auswartigen Amtes, (Sonnebuhl: H. Wild, 1988), By Dmytro Zlepko. [eine Dokumentation, herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Dmytro Zlepko].
• Luciuk, L. Y. (ed), "Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine" (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 200()
• Dolot, Miron, Who killed them and why?: in remembrance of those killed in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1984).
• Dushnyk, Walter, 50 years ago: the famine holocaust in Ukraine, (New York: Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, 1983).
• Famine in the Soviet Ukraine 1932–1933: a memorial exhibition, Widener Library, Harvard University, prepared by Oksana Procyk, Leonid Heretz, James E. Mace (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard College Library, distributed by Harvard University Press, 1986).
• Famine in Ukraine 1932–33, edited by Roman Serbyn and Bohdan Krawchenko (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1986). (Selected papers from a conference held at the Universite du Quebec a Montreal in 1983).
• The Great Famine in Ukraine: the unknown holocaust: in solemn observance of the Ukrainian famine of 1932–1933, (Compiled and edited by the editors of the Ukrainian Weekly [Roma Hadzewycz, George B. Zarycky, Martha Kolomayets] Jersey City, N.J.: Ukrainian National Association, 1983).
• Gregorovich, Andrew, “Black Famine in Ukraine 1932–33: A Struggle for Existence”, Forum: A Ukrainian Review, No. 24, (Scranton: Ukrainian Workingmen's Association, 1974).
• Halii, Mykola, Organized famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (Chicago: Ukrainian Research and Information Institute, 1963).
• Holod na Ukraini, 1932–1933: vybrani statti, uporiadkuvala Nadiia Karatnyts'ka, (New York: Suchasnist', 1985).
• Hlushanytsia, Pavlo, "Tretia svitova viina Pavla Hlushanytsi == The third world war of Pavlo Hlushanytsia, translated by Vera Moroz, (Toronto: Anabasis Magazine, 1986). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English].
• Holod 1932-33 rokiv na Ukraini: ochyma istorykiv, movoij dokumentiv, (Kiev: Vydavnytstvo politychnoyi literatury Ukrainy, 1990).
• Hryshko, Vasyl, The Ukrainian Holocaust of 1933, Edited and translated by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Bahrianyi Foundation, SUZHERO, DOBRUS, 1983).
• International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine, Proceedings [transcript], May 23–27, 1988, Brussels, Belgium, [Jakob W.F. Sundberg, President; Legal Counsel, World Congress of Free Ukrainians: John Sopinka, Alexandra Chyczij; Legal Council for the Commission, Ian A. Hunter, 1988.
• International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine. Proceedings [transcript], 21 October – 5 November 1988, New York City, [Jakob W.F. Sundberg, President; Counsel for the Petitioner, William Liber; General Counsel, Ian A. Hunter], 1988.
• International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–1933 Famine in Ukraine. Final report, [Jacob W.F. Sundberg, President], 1990. [Proceedings of the International Commission of Inquiry and its Final report are in typescript, contained in 6 vols. Copies available from the World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Toronto].
• Kalynyk, Oleksa, Communism, the enemy of mankind: documents about the methods and practise of Russian Bolshevik occupation in Ukraine, (London, England: The Ukrainian Youth Association in Great Britain, 1955).
• Klady, Leonard, “Famine Film Harvest of Despair”, Forum: A Ukrainian Review, No. 61, Spring 1985, (Scranton: Ukrainian Fraternal Association, 1985).
• Kolektyvizatsia і Holod na Ukraini 1929–1933: Zbirnyk documentiv і materialiv, Z.M. Mychailycenko, E.P. Shatalina, S.V. Kulcycky, eds., (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1992).
• Kostiuk, Hryhory, Stalinist rule in Ukraine: a study of the decade of mass terror, 1929–1939, (Munich: Institut zur Erforschung der UdSSSR, 1960).
• Kovalenko, L.B. & Maniak, B.A., eds., Holod 33: Narodna knyha-memorial, (Kiev: Radians'kyj pys'mennyk, 1991).
• Krawchenko, Bohdan, Social change and national consciousness in twentieth-century Ukraine, (Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with St. Anthony's College, Oxford, 1985).
• Luciuk, Lubomyr (and L Grekul), Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine (Kashtan Press, Kingston, 2008.)
• Lettere da Kharkov: la carestia in Ucraina e nel Caucaso del Nord nei rapporti dei diplomatici italiani, 1932–33, a cura di Andrea Graziosi, (Torino: Einaudi, 1991).
• Mace, James E., Communism and the dilemma of national liberation: national communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933, (Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Ukrainian Research Institute and the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., 1983).
• Makohon, P., Svidok: Spohady pro 33-ho, (Toronto: Anabasis Magazine, 1983).
• Martchenko, Borys, La famine-genocide en Ukraine: 1932–1933, (Paris: Publications de l'Est europeen, 1983).
• Marunchak, Mykhailo H., Natsiia v borot'bi za svoie isnuvannia: 1932 і 1933 v Ukraini і diiaspori, (Winnipeg: Nakl. Ukrains'koi vil'noi akademii nauk v Kanadi, 1985).
• Memorial, compiled by Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Alexandra Chyczij; translated into English by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Published by Kashtan Press for Canadian Friends of “Memorial”, 1989). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English. this is a selection of resolutions, aims and objectives, and other documents, pertaining to the activities of the Memorial Society in Ukraine].
• Mishchenko, Oleksandr, Bezkrovna viina: knyha svidchen', (Kiev: Molod', 1991).
• Oleksiw, Stephen, The agony of a nation: the great man-made famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (London: The National Committee to Commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Artificial Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, 1983).
• Pavel P. Postyshev, envoy of Moscow in Ukraine 1933–1934, [selected newspaper articles, documents, and sections in books], (Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Secretariat, [1988], The 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine research documentation).
• Pidnayny, Alexandra, A bibliography of the great famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (Toronto: New Review Books, 1975).
• Pravoberezhnyi, Fedir, 8,000,000: 1933-i rik na Ukraini, (Winnipeg: Kultura і osvita, 1951).
• Senyshyn, Halyna, Bibliohrafia holody v Ukraini 1932–1933, (Ottawa: Montreal: UMMAN, 1983).
• Solovei, Dmytro, The Golgotha of Ukraine: eye-witness accounts of the famine in Ukraine, compiled by Dmytro Soloviy, (New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1953).
• Stradnyk, Petro, Pravda pro soviets'ku vladu v Ukraini, (New York: N. Chyhyryns'kyi, 1972).
• Taylor, S.J., Stalin's apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Time's man in Moscow, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
• The Foreign Office and the famine: British documents on Ukraine and the great famine of 1932–1933, edited by Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Bohdan Kor.
• The man-made famine in Ukraine (Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984). [Seminar. Participants: Robert Conquest, Dana Dalrymple, James Mace, Michael Nowak].
• United States, Commission on the Ukraine Famine. Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: report to Congress / Commission on the Ukraine Famine, [Daniel E. Mica, Chairman; James E. Mace, Staff Director]. (Washington D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs, U.S. G.P.O., 1988), (Dhipping list: 88-521-P).
• United States, Commission on the Ukrainian Famine. Oral history project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, James E. Mace and Leonid Heretz, eds. (Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs, U.S. G.P.O., 1990).
• Velykyi holod v Ukraini, 1932-33: zbirnyk svidchen', spohadiv, dopovidiv ta stattiv, vyholoshenykh ta drukovanykh v 1983 rotsi na vidznachennia 50-littia holodu v Ukraini—The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933: a collection of memoirs, speeches and essays prepared in 1983 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Famine in Ukraine during 1932–33, [Publication Committee members: V. Rudenko, T. Khokhitva, P. Makohon, F. Podopryhora], (Toronto: Ukrains'ke Pravoslavne Bratstvo Sv. Volodymyra, 1988), [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English].
• Verbyts'kyi, M., Naibil'shyi zlochyn Kremlia: zaplianovanyi shtuchnyi holod v Ukraini 1932–1933 rokiv, (London, England: DOBRUS, 1952).
• Voropai, Oleksa, V deviatim kruzi, (London, England: Sum, 1953).
• Voropai, Oleksa, The Ninth Circle: In Commemoration of the Victims of the Famine of 1933, Olexa Woropay; edited with an introduction by James E. Mace, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1983).
• Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Luciuk and Bohdan S Kordan, eds, The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932–1933, foreword by Michael Marrus (Kingston: Limestone Press, 1988)
• Barbara Falk, Sowjetische Städte in der Hungersnot 1932/33. Staatliche Ernährungspolitik und städtisches Alltagsleben (= Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas 38), Köln: Böhlau Verlag 2005 ISBN 3-412-10105-2
• Wasyl Hryshko, The Ukrainian Holocaust of 1933, (Toronto: 1983, Bahriany Foundation)
• Stanislav Kulchytsky, Hennadiy Yefimenko. Демографічні наслідки голодомору 1933 р. в Україні. Всесоюзний перепис 1937 р. в Україні: документи та матеріали (Demographic consequence of Holodomor of 1933 in Ukraine. The all-Union census of 1937 in Ukraine), Kiev, Institute of History, 2003.
• R. Kusnierz, Ukraina w latach kolektywizacji i Wielkiego Glodu (1929–1933),Torun, 2005
• Leonard Leshuk, ed., Days of Famine, Nights of Terror: Firsthand Accounts of Soviet Collectivization, 1928–1934 (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 1995)
• Lubomyr Luciuk, ed., Not Worthy: Walter Duranty's Pulitzer Prize and The New York Times (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 2004)

Klika akí para ver las imajes de Commons ensima de Holodomor.

• Ukrainian Genocide Famine Foundation USA (en lingua inglesa)
• Famine Genocide Commemorative Committee Ukrainian Canadian Congress (en lingua inglesa)
• Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress. Adopted by the Commission, 19 April 1988 (en lingua inglesa)
• Joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 (en lingua inglesa)
• Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933 (en lingua ukraina)

	El numero de los payizes ke ofisialmente rekonosen el Holodomor komo djenosidio	Ukraina
Andorra,   Arjentina,   Brasil,   Chekia,   Chile,   Ekuador,   Eslovakia,   Espanya,   Estonia,   Estatos Unitos d'Amerika,   Georgia,   Italia,   Kanada,   Kolombia,   Letonia,   Lituania,   Madjaristan,   Meksiko,   Ostralya,   Paraguay,   Peru,   Polonia,   Sivdad del Vatikano,   Ukraina