Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo An haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da hamsin da huɗu, 1754 a garin Marratta, a yankin Agadez, Jamhurriyar Nijar
Usman Dan Fodiyo | |||
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Rayuwa | |||
Haihuwa | Gobir, 15 Disamba 1754 | ||
ƙasa | Daular Sokoto | ||
Mutuwa | Sokoto, 1817 | ||
Ƴan uwa | |||
Yara | |||
Karatu | |||
Harsuna | Turanci Larabci Hausa Fillanci | ||
Sana'a | |||
Sana'a | marubuci, mai falsafa da maiwaƙe | ||
Imani | |||
Addini | Musulunci |
Shehu Usumanu Usman Ɗan fodiyo عُثْمَانْ طَࢽْ ࢻُودِیُواْ (Hausa) عثمان بن فوديُ (Larabci) | |
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عثمان بن فودي | |
Title | Sarkin Musulmi, Amir al-Mu'minin, Shehu |
Personal | |
Haihuwa | 15 December 1754 Marratta, Niger Republic |
Mutuwa | 20 April 1817 |
Addini | Islam |
Yara | |
Iyaye |
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Dynasty | Masarautar Sokoto |
Reshan addini | Sunna |
Mazhabi | Malikiyya |
Akida | Athari |
Darika | Ƙadiriya |
Samar da | Kasar Musulunci |
Muslim leader | |
Gada daga | None |
Magaji | (Mohammad Bello): Muhammed Bello, Yaro. Gabashi (Gwandu): Abdullahi dan Fodio, Dan uwa. |
Ya rasu a ranar 20, ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da goma sha bakwai, 1817 a cikin garin Sokoto.
Sunan Shehun malamin Usman bin Fodiyo da Larabci: عثمان بن فودي ) Fodiyo kalmar fullanci ce wato Mujaddadi. Sunan mahaifin sa Malam Muhammadu, mahaifiyar sa kuma mai suna malama Maimunatu.
Yana da yara sama da ashirin da bakwai da matan da ya aura hudu (ba a samu bayanin yadda ya auri mata sama da hudu Ƴaƴayen sa biyu wadanda aka fi sani sune, ɗan sa namiji mai suna Muhammadu Bello, da kuma ƴarsa mai suna Nana Asma'u. Ana masa laƙabi da Mujaddadi, ko Shehu. Shine kuma jagoran jihadi na jaddada addinin Musulunci a ƙasar Hausa. Tunda ya taso yaga an daɗe da musulunci a wajen sama da shekara 400 kafin a haife shi amma a dede wannan lokacin Alummar kasar hausa suna surka addinin musulunci da gargajiya. Domin karin bayanin kakaranta littafinsa na Wasikatul Ikhwan. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo Malamin addinin Musulunci ne, Marubuci, kuma wanda ya kafa Daular Musulunci cikin ƙasar Hausa a Sakkwato.Ya kasance malamin Fulani, malamin addini, mai son kawo sauyi, kuma shine ya kafa ƙungiyar Khalifancin Sakkwato..
Dan Fodio ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayayyun mutane a cikin Fulani na farko. Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo malamin Sunnah ne mabiyin koyarwa akan tsarin Babban Malamin nan wato Imam Malik wanda ake ƙira da Maliki. Yayi duk rayuwarsa ne a ƙasar Najeriya. Ana masa laƙabi da Amir-al-mumin Usman Ɗan Fodiyo kuma Sultan na Sakkwato na farko.
A matsayinsa na malamin addinin musulunci kuma mai karantarwa akan Mazhabar Malikiyya ya rayu a garin Gobir har zuwa alif dubu daya da dari takwas da biyu 1802, ya zama Sarkin Gobir Bawa Jangwarzo ya riƙe shi tamkar ɗan da ya haifa.. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi yaki a tsakanin shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da huɗu 1804 har zuwa alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da sha biyu 1812, ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Toronkawa na fulani.
Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo ya kasance daga zuriyar ɗaya daga cikin dangin (Toronkawa) na ƙabilar Fulanin dake zaune a cikin Masarautun Hausa tun daga farkon shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari hudu 1400. A yankin da ke arewacin Najeriya a yanzu, ya kasance yana bin karantarwar Malikiyya makaranta ta fiƙhu (Islamic fikihu) da kuma nuni wajen bin tsarin Musulunci hakana kuma yana bin ɗarikar ƙadiriyya a ɗarikun sufaye.
Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari waɗanda suka shafi addini musulunci, mulki, al'adu, da kuma zamantakewar al'umma. Bayan haka Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya ci gaba da sukar manyan musulman Afirika da ke akwai saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin son zuciyarsu da maguzanci da keta dokokin Shari'a da amfani da haraji mai yawa.[ana buƙatar hujja]. Ya ƙarfafa karatu ga mata har da maza, saboda haka 'ya'yansa mata da yawa sun zama malamai marubuta. An ci gaba da kawo rubuce-rubucensa Usman Dan Fodiyo ne da kuma maganganunsa a yau. Wasu mabiyan suna daukar Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a matsayin mujaddadi mai wahayi daga Allah "mai gyara addinin Islama" har suna neman kai shi matsayin annabawa saboda jahilci.
Tashin ci gaban Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi wani yunkuri ne da aka bayyana a matsayin masu jahadi na Fulani a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai da sha takwas har zuwa na sha tara. Ya biyo bayan jahadi cikin nasara da akayi a Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro da kuma Futa Djallon a tsakanin shekarar alif 1650 zuwa alif 1750, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar waɗannan ƙasashe guda uku na Islama. A nasa bangaren Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi wa wasu da dama daga cikin jahadin Afirika ta yamma wanda daga baya, ciki har da na Shehu Ahmadu, wanda ya kafa daular Massina da Umar Sa'idu Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin jikokin ɗan Fodiyo da kuma Modibo Adama wanda ya kafa ta, a masarautar Adamawa cikin Najeriya. [ana bukatar hujja]
An haifi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ne a cikin garin Maratta a (garin gobir) a ranar lahadi 29 ga watan Safar a shekarar alif 1168 H.J wanda yayi dai-dai da ranar 15 ga watan Disamban shekarar alif 1754, kuma ya fito ne daga cikin tsatson Fulanin Jakolo ne. Ya kasance Fikihu ne kuma Ɗan ɗariƙa ne a farkon rayuwarsa, Bayan haka kuma yana bin mazahaban malikiyya ne a fannin ilimi na addini da Fikihu.
Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya haddace Qur'ani yana da ƙananan shekaru a rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa.Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai irinsu: Shaykh Jibril B.Umar, Shaykh Uthman Biddur ibn Al-ammin, Shaykh Ahmad ibn Muhammad da kuma Shaykh Al-Hajj Muhammad Raj.Ɗan Fodiyo ya fara karantarwa ne yana da kimanin shekara 20 a rayuwarsa. Ɗan Fodiyo yana bin ɗarikancin Shaykh Abd-al-Qadir Al-jaylani, wanda shine ya samar da ɗarikar Ƙadiriya.
Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi jihadi ne ta hanyar ƙira zuwa ga Musulunci, da kuma yaƙan sarakunan Haɓe, bayan Sarkin Gobir mai suna Yumfa ya yi masa barazanar kawar da shi saboda da'awar da yake yi zuwa ga Musulunci, hakan ne ya tirsasa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yin hijira zuwa wani guri, Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi yaƙi da Yumfa Sarkin Gobir na wancan lokacin a shekarar alif 1804 a watan (Yuli miladiya) wanda Abdullahi ne ya kasan ce kwamandan yaƙin, an karya mulkin Yumfa ne a ranar 3 ga watan Oktobar alif 1808, inda aka ci garin da yaki aka kuma ƙwace garin Alƙalawa, wanda a lokacin garin Alƙalawa shine babban birnin Gobir. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yaƙi garin na Gobir a dalilin tabbatar da addinin Musulunci a shekarar alif 1804.(p249) Bayan shekara takwas, yawancin ƙasashen Hausa Fulani sun cisu da yaƙi. Masu sarauta ƴan Haɓe Fulani sun karɓa mulki daga gurinsu. An yaƙi Gobirawa ne a tafkin kwatto, shi yasa ake kiran yaƙin da yaƙin kwato ko kwatto..
Fulanin Kano sun wakilta Ɗan Zabuwa na ƙabilar Fulani na Daneji. Da yaje Sakkwato ya karɓo tuta, an bashi tuta amman ba a wakilta sarki ba. A wannan lokacin sarkin Haɓe na Kano mai suna Alwali an yaƙe shi a Ɗan Yahaiya, wani gari ne mil 25 arewa dake garin kano, sai Alwali ya gudu Zaria, da yaga bai samu matsugunni ba sai ya gudu Burum, a inda aka kai masa farmaki aka kashe shi. Mallam Jemo ne ya hallaka shi, bayan mutanenshi ƙabilar Fulani suka je gurin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo suka buƙace shi da ya naɗa sarki a Kano, sai Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya naɗa musu Suleiman Ɗan Modibawa a matsayin sarki a shekarar alif 1809. Bayan rasuwarsa ne aka naɗa Mallam Jemo, wanda sananne ne kuma mayaƙi, wanda yake da ɗa mai suna Ibrahim Dabo.
A ƙarni na goma 10th wasu mafarauta sun zauna a Dutsen Dala, Gwauron Dutse,
Magwan da Fanisau. Waɗannan mutanen suna yin tsafi ne da kuma bautawa aljana ko gunki mai suna Tsunburbura, Barbushe shi ne babban malamin wannan bauta. Duk farkon shekaran kalandan Hijira, Barbushe yana shiga cikin wannan gidan tsafin yazo ma mutane da sabon saƙo, inda jama’a suke taruwa kewaye da gidan suna jiran saƙo, idan aka gaya musu saƙon, sai suyi yanke-yanke na akuyoyi da karnika ga Tsunburbura. Wata rana sai Barbushe ya fito yace ma jama’a za ayi wani lokaci da wani zai yaƙe mu yaci garinmu da yaƙi ya gina masallatai ya kawo Musulunci.
A Katsina kuma sai Shehu ya naɗa Ummarun Dallaje shugaban Fulani a matsayin mariƙin tutar Musulunci kuma sarki. Magaji Halidu shine sarkin Haɓe na ƙarshe, wanda Malam Ummaru Dallaje ya amsa garin Katsina a gurinshi a shekarar alif 1807. Bayan rasuwar Ummaru a shekarar alif 1835, wani ɗan tsatsan ƙabilar Haɓe mai suna Ɗan Mari ya haɗa kai da Rumawa, domin ƙwace garin Katsina, inda ya kafa tantinsa a Matazu, amman an yaƙe shi.
Sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu sarki ne na Haɓe a shekarar alif 1800 a masarautar Daura, a shekarar alif 1805 har zuwa Shekarar alif 1807, sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu ya gudu ya bar Daura saboda samame da Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya kawo a Daura. Hakan yasa aka samu sabon sarki mai suna Malam Ishi'aku, Abdu Gwari ya gudu ne tare da tawagarsa, inda ya ɓoye a cikin Ƙasar Hausa, da niyyar zai dawo ya ƙwace ƙasar Daura daga hannun Fulani. Daga baya sai ya zauna a Yekuwa.
Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tsatson Musa Jakolo ne..
An bayyana cewa Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya wuce ƙafa shida tsawo, ya yi kama da mahaifiyarsa Sayda Hauwa Hisan, dan uwansa Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo (1761-1829) shi ma ya wuce ƙafa shida a tsayi kuma an bayyana shi da kamannin mahaifinsu Muhammad Fodiyo, tare da launin fata mai duhu da kuma kyakkyawar ma'amala a rayuwarsa. A cikin Rawd al-Janaan (Makiyayan Aljanna), Waziri Gidado Ɗan Laima (1777-1851) ya lissafa matan Ɗan Fodiyo kamar haka:
Ta farko Maimuna wacce ta haifa masa yara 11, ciki har da Aliyu (1770s-1790s) da tagwayen Hasan (1793- Nuwamba 1817) da Nana Asma'u (1793-1864). Maimuna ta rasu wani lokaci bayan haihuwar ƙaramar yarta.
Aisha ƴar Muhammad Sa'ad. An kuma san ta da suna "Gaabdo" (Farin Ciki a Fulfulde) da kuma "Iyya Garka" (Uwar gida). Iyya Garka ta shahara ne saboda ilimin addinin Musulunci da kasancewarta 'yar dangi. Ta haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin wasu, ita ce mahaifiyar:
Hauwa, wacce aka fi sani da "Inna Garka" (Uwar Gida a Hausance) da Bikaraga. An bayyana ta a matsayin mai saukin kai ga ina Zuhudu. Daga cikin ‘ya’yanta akwai:
Hajjo, wanda mahaifinsa ne ya yi wa Abdulqadir (1807-1836) wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaqan Sakkwato. AbdulQadir ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Sultan Bello, a Zamfara. An binne shi a Baraya Zaki.
Shatura, wanda ya kasance shi ne mahaifin Ahmadu Rufa'i (1812-1873). Rufa'i shi ne Sarkin Silame sannan daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi (1867-1873).
Ta wurin ƙwaraƙwaran sa Mariyatu, Sheykh Ɗan Fodiyo ya haifi:
Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo ya wallafa littatafai da yawa, musamman domin karantar da mutane haƙiƙanin addinin musulunci. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa kuma ya umurci mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai, akan addini da kuma tarihinsu. Daular Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tayi mulki ne na tsawon shekara Ɗari (100), daga shekarar alif 1804 zuwa shekarar alif 1903, bayan Zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka. A garin Alƙalawa dake masarautar Gobir ne inda Usman yake zuwa domin ganin Bawa. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa, kuma yana umurtar mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai. A ƙarni na 20 musulman ƙasar Hausa sun samu tsaiko da naƙasu a kan ilmantar da mata, bayan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a ƙarni na 19 ya nuna muhimmancin bama mata ilimi, a inda ya fara kira ga neman ilimi. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana cewa, “shaidancin Illar barin mata a cikin jahilci, ba tare da sun samu ilimi akan kawunansu ba har ma ya zamana cewa basu san addini kwata-kwata ba, yafi girman munin shaiɗanci fiye da cakuɗasu tare da maza.” Shuehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littatafai kimanin 73.
s/n | Suna |
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1 | Al-madkhal |
2 | Wathiqat ahl al-Sudan |
3 | Al-farq |
4 | Bayan Wujub al-Hijra |
5 | Ihya' as Sunnah wa Ikhmad al-Bid'ah |
Magabata Babu kowa | Sarkin Musulmi na Farko 1804–1815 | Magaji Muhammed Bello |
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Sarakunan Sokoto |
Usman Dan Fodiyo | Muhammadu Bello | Abubakar Atiku | Ali Babba bin Bello | Ahmadu Atiku | Aliyu Karami | Ahmadu Rufai | Abubakar II Atiku na Raba | Mu'azu | Umaru bin Ali | Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar | Muhammadu Attahiru I | Muhammadu Attahiru II | Muhammadu dan Muhammadu | Hassan dan Mu'azu Ahmadu | Siddiq Abubakar III | Ibrahim Dasuki | Muhammadu Maccido | Sa'adu Abubakar |
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