Selenosteidae

Selenosteidae is an extinct family of small to large-sized arthrodire placoderms from the Late Devonian. With the exception of the Chinese Phymosteus, selenosteids lived in shallow seas in what is now Eastern North America (the Cleveland Shale), Eastern Europe (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, and the Kellwasserkalk fauna of Bad Wildungen), and Northeastern Africa (the Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco).

Selenosteidae Temporal range: Late Devonian, 382.7–358.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Driscollichthys, Amazichthys, Draconichthys
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	†Placodermi
Order:	†Arthrodira
Suborder:	†Brachythoraci
Clade:	†Eubrachythoraci
Clade:	†Pachyosteomorphi
Clade:	†Aspinothoracidi
Family:	†Selenosteidae Dean, 1901
Type species
Selenosteus brevis (Claypole), 1869
Genera
Amazichthys Brachyosteus Braunosteus Draconichthys Enseosteus Gorgonichthys? Gymnotrachelus Heintzichthys Melanosteus Microsteus Pachyosteus Paramylostoma Phymosteus Rhinosteus Selenosteus (type genus) Stenosteus Walterosteus
Synonyms
Pachyosteidae Gross, 1932 Braunosteidae Stensiö, 1959 Rhinosteidae Stensiö, 1963

Selenosteids have, in cross section, a rounded body, a blunt snout, and tremendous orbits. The lower jaws were slender, the inferognathals usually either being finely serrated, or adapted for crushing, though, in Draconichthys, the inferognathals had long prongs for seizing prey. The rostrum is very small.

Selenosteidae is a member of the clade Aspinothoracidi, which belongs to the clade Pachyosteomorphi, one of the two major clades within Eubrachythoraci. Gorgonichthys is closely related to the family Selenosteidae, and could possibly be included in the family. The cladogram below shows the placement of Selenosteidae within Eubrachythoraci:

Below is a more detailed cladogram of Selenosteidae, from Rücklin (2011):

Denison (1978) separated Selenosteidae into two informal groups, the "American" genera (i.e., those taxa from the Upper Famennian Cleveland Shales, such as Selenosteus and Gymnotrachelus), and the "European" genera (i.e., those taxa from the Upper Frasnian Kellwasserkalk facies of Germany, and later, Morocco, like Rhinosteus and Microsteus). Denison notes that the differences between the two groups, such as how the American genera tend to have slightly smaller orbits, and slightly longer cheeks, may suggest the similarities between them are due to parallel evolution.

Rücklin (2011), on the other hand, places Pachyosteus as the most basal selenosteid, then groups the American genera (with Selenosteus grouped as the sister taxon of Gymnotrachelus and Stenosteus) as being the sister group of the remaining European/Kellwasserkalk genera, plus Draconichthys.

• List of placoderms