Georgia (Georgian: საქართველო, romanized:sakartvelo, IPA:[sakʰartʰʷelo]ⓘ) is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is part of the Caucasus region, bounded by the Black Sea to the west, Russia to the north and northeast, Turkey to the southwest, Armenia to the south, and Azerbaijan to the southeast. Georgia covers an area of 69,700 square kilometres (26,900 sq mi). It has a population of 3.7 million, of which over a third live in the capital and largest city, Tbilisi. Georgians, who are indigenous to the region, constitute a majority and a titular nation in Georgia.
Georgia has been inhabited since prehistoric times, hosting the world's earliest known sites of winemaking, gold mining, and textiles. The classical era saw the emergence of several kingdoms, such as Colchis and Iberia, that formed the nucleus of the modern Georgian state. In the early fourth century, Georgians officially adopted Christianity, which contributed to their gradual unification and ethnogenesis. In the High Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Georgia reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar. The kingdom subsequently declined and disintegrated under the hegemony of various regional powers, including the Mongols, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia, before being gradually annexed into the Russian Empire starting in 1801.
After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Georgia briefly emerged as an independent republic under German protectorate, but was invaded and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1922, becoming one of its constituent republics. In the 1980s, an independence movement grew quickly, leading to Georgia's secession from the Soviet Union in April 1991. For much of the subsequent decade, the country endured economic crises, political instability, and secessionist wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Following the peaceful Rose Revolution in 2003, Georgia strongly pursued a pro-Western foreign policy, introducing a series of democratic and economic reforms aimed at integration into the European Union and NATO. The country's Western orientation soon led to worsening relations with Russia, which culminated in the Russo-Georgian War of 2008 and continued Russian occupation of parts of Georgia.
Georgia is a representative democracy governed as a unitary parliamentary republic. It is a developing country with a very high Human Development Index. Economic reforms since independence have led to higher levels of economic freedom, as well as reductions in corruption indicators, poverty, and unemployment. Georgia is only the second country in the world to legalize cannabis, and the only former socialist state to do so. The country is a member of international organizations, including the Council of Europe, Eurocontrol, BSEC, GUAM, Energy Community. As part of the Association Trio, Georgia is a candidate for EU membership. (Full article...)
The Bagrationi dynasty (/bʌɡrʌtiˈɒni/; Georgian: ბაგრატიონი, romanized: bagrat'ioni[baɡɾatʼioni]) is a royal dynasty which reigned in Georgia from the Middle Ages until the early 19th century, being among the oldest extant Christian ruling dynasties in the world. In modern usage, the name of the dynasty is sometimes Hellenized and referred to as the Georgian Bagratids, also known in English as the Bagrations.
The origins of the dynasty are disputed. The early Georgian Bagratids gained the Principality of Iberia through dynastic marriage after succeeding the Chosroid dynasty at the end of the 8th century. In 888 Adarnase IV of Iberia restored the Georgian monarchy; various native polities then united into the Kingdom of Georgia, which prospered from the 11th to the 13th century. This period of time, particularly the reigns of David IV the Builder (1089–1125) and of his great-granddaughter Tamar the Great (1184–1213) inaugurated the Georgian Golden Age in the history of Georgia. (Full article...)
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Stalin in 1943
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; 18 December [O.S. 6 December] 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician who was the longest-serving leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Stalin initially governed the country as part of a collective leadership before consolidating power to become a dictator by the 1930s. Stalin coined the term Marxism–Leninism to outline his Leninist interpretation of Marxism, also known as Stalinism.
Born into a poor family in Gori in what was then the Russian Empire, Stalin attended the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary before joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction as a gangster via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles to Siberia. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the new Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. Under Stalin, socialism in one country became a central tenet of the party's ideology. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the famine of 1930–33, including the Asharshylyk in Kazakhstan and the Holodomor in Ukraine. To eradicate those deemed "enemies of the working class", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned, largely in the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939. By 1937, he had absolute control over the party and government. (Full article...)
Image 27A medieval illustration of the Georgian king George IV Lasha waging war against the Mongols in 1220. King George is shown in blue garment on a white horse holding a whip. A depiction from La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient by Hayton of Corycus. (from History of Georgia (country))
Energy : Poti port - Kulevi - Supsa - Baku-Supsa oil pipeline - Baku-Tbilisi-Ceikhan pipeline - ბაქო-თბილისი-ერზერუმის ნავთობსადენი - ბაქო-ბათუმის ნავთობსადენი - Oléoduc Géorgie-Ukraine-UE - GOGC - Wissol Petroleum - Telasi - Enguri HES - Centrale éléctrique de Khrami - ხუდონჰესი - ლაჯანურჰესი - Centrale hydroéléctrique de Namakhiani - Centrale hydroéléctrique de Samtskhè-Javakhétie - Centrale hydroéléctrique de Tskhinvali - Centrale hydroéléctrique de Tvichi - ვარდნილჰესი - Centrale hydroéléctrique de Jonétie.
Transport : Tbilisi Metro - Limitations de vitesse en Géorgie - Plaque d'immatriculation géorgienne
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Georgian parade armour with golden plates (from Culture of Georgia (country))
King Solomon I (from History of Georgia (country))
The construction of Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Mtskheta, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was initiated in the 1020s by George I. (from History of Georgia (country))
Bedia Cup of King Bagrat III of Georgia, 999 AD (from History of Georgia (country))
Queen Tamar and her father King George III, fresco from Vardzia. (from History of Georgia (country))
A Tatar Fruiterer, 1910, Georgian National Museum (from Niko Pirosmani)
Georgian SSR in 1957–1991, including Abkhazian Autonomous SSR, Adjara ASSR, and South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast. (from History of Georgia (country))
Churchkhela (from Georgian cuisine)
Niko Pirosmani on a Georgian lari banknote of the 2002 series. (from Niko Pirosmani)
2nd century BC bronze torso from Western Georgia, displayed at the Georgian National Museum (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Prince Ilia Chavchavadze, leader of the Georgian national revival in the 1860s. (from History of Georgia (country))
The Democratic Republic of Georgia before its conquest by the Soviet Union. (from History of Georgia (country))
Ceremonial crown of the Georgian high nobility, an example of metalwork from the early modern period (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Kingdom of Lazica (from History of Georgia (country))
Georgia in 1490 after the dissolution of the unified kingdom. (from History of Georgia (country))
Location of Georgia (including Abkhazia and South Ossetia) and the Russian part of North Caucasus. (from History of Georgia (country))
Photos of the April 9, 1989 Massacre victims (mostly young women) on billboard in Tbilisi (from History of Georgia (country))
A plate of khinkali (from Georgian cuisine)
19th century Georgian noble family: General Solomon Makashvili and family around 1900 (from History of Georgia (country))
Ajapsandali (from Georgian cuisine)
Kharcho (from Georgian cuisine)
Nino Ananiashvili (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Leaders of Georgian independence movement in late 1980s, Zviad Gamsakhurdia (left) and Merab Kostava (right) (from History of Georgia (country))
A medieval illustration of the Georgian king George IV Lasha waging war against the Mongols in 1220. King George is shown in blue garment on a white horse holding a whip. A depiction from La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient by Hayton of Corycus. (from History of Georgia (country))
A page from a 12th-century Gelati Gospel, an example of Georgian illuminated manuscripts from the Middle Ages (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Mikheil Saakashvili with George W. Bush. (from History of Georgia (country))
Adjarian khachapuri. (from Georgian cuisine)
Muraba made from walnut (from Georgian cuisine)
Chashushuli with bread and salad (from Georgian cuisine)
Wall Painting in Georgia's ancient monastery, Shio-Mghvime (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Lobio (from Georgian cuisine)
Chakapuli (from Georgian cuisine)
King David the Builder, one of Georgia's greatest kings. (from History of Georgia (country))
King Mirian III established Christianity in Georgia as the official state religion in 324. (from History of Georgia (country))
The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline project (from History of Georgia (country))
Mother and Son by Niko Pirosmani (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Princess Ekaterine resisted Turkish encroachment in Western Georgia. (from History of Georgia (country))
Dambalkhacho cheese. (from Georgian cuisine)
George III as depicted on a medieval fresco from Vardzia (from History of Georgia (country))
Frescoes from the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, an example of Georgian medieval art depicting ships and monsters at sea. (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Red Army in Tbilisi (from History of Georgia (country))
British troops marching in Batumi, Georgia in 1920. Following World War I, Britain replaced German troops in Georgia (from History of Georgia (country))
Details from Pirosmani's paintings Threshing and Fisherman in a Red Shirt on the 5 lari banknote of the 2017 series. (from Niko Pirosmani)
Prince Akaki Tsereteli, prominent Georgian poet and national liberation movement figure. (from History of Georgia (country))
Paolo Iashvili, a Georgian poet persecuted by the Soviet authorities (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Spinach pkhali (from Georgian cuisine)
Coronation of Demetrius I, a fresco from Matskhvarishi, 1140 (from History of Georgia (country))
Patera depicting Marcus Aurelius uncovered in central Georgia, 2nd century AD (from History of Georgia (country))
Members of the National Council of Georgia, after declaring independence of Georgia, Tbilisi May 26, 1918 (from History of Georgia (country))
Eduard Shevardnadze, second President of Georgia (1995–2003) (from History of Georgia (country))
Kingdom of Diauehi. (from History of Georgia (country))
King Erekle II (from History of Georgia (country))
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