Phyllolepida

Phyllolepida ("leaf scales") is an extinct taxon of flattened placoderms found throughout the world, with fossils being found in Devonian strata. Like other flattened placoderms, the phyllolepids were bottom-dwelling predators that ambushed prey. Unlike other flattened placoderms, the phyllolepids were inhabitants of freshwater environments.

Phyllolepida Temporal range: Devonian
Austrophyllolepis ritchiei and Bothriolepis mawsoni
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	†Placodermi
Order:	†Arthrodira
Suborder:	†Actinolepidoidei
Clade:	†Phyllolepida Stensiö 1934
Type species
Phyllolepis concentrica Agassiz 1844
Families
Phyllolepididae Gavinaspididae

Unlike the Rhenanida, the armor of the phyllolepids were made of whole plates, rather than numerous tubercles and scales, and unlike the Petalichthyida, the components of the comparatively wide mouth are known. The phyllolepids are considered to have been blind, as the orbits for the eyes are extremely small, so much so as to suggest that the eyes were vestigial, and that they were placed on the sides of the head, as opposed to visually-oriented bottom-dwelling predators, like, say stargazers or flatfish, which have the eyes placed high on top of the head.

Despite having a relatively clear idea of the phyllolepids' lifestyle and anatomy, most fossils consist of fragments of their thoracic armor, and only two genera, Phyllolepis and Austrophyllolepis have been thoroughly studied. From the articulation of the thoracic and head plates, it has been suggested that they are either the sister group of order Arthrodira, or are in fact, a group of highly derived arthrodires.

The Phyllolepids are divided into two families, the more primitive Gavinaspididae, represented only by Gavinaspis of Early Devonian China, and Phyllolepididae, which contains all other genera. Barring the Chinese Gavinaspis, the cosmopolitan Placolepis (fossils of which have been found in Australia, Turkey, Venezuela, and Antarctica), and the Euro-North American Phyllolepis, the majority of genera are found in Early to Middle Devonian Australia. By the Famennian, only Phyllolepis survived, and became extinct at the close of the Devonian.

Long, John A. The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8018-5438-5