1979 Iranian Islamic Republic Referendum
A referendum on creating an Islamic Republic was held in Iran on 30 and 31 March 1979.
Ayatollah Khomeini did not allow an open referendum, insisting that the Iranian population had chosen an "Islamic Republic" already by demonstrating against the Shah. In response, political parties such as the National Democratic Front and the Fadaiyan Khalgh boycotted the referendum.
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In the Name of the Almighty [God] Provisional Government of Islamic Revolution The Interior Ministry Referendum Election Ballot Age-old [monarchial] regime change to Islamic republic, the constitution of which will be approved by the nation — Yes or No? | ||||||||||||||||
The two-parts ballot of referendum, with the green paper indicating "Yes" and red paper indicating "No" | ||||||||||||||||
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The Mojahedin Khalgh, the Tudeh Party, The Liberation Movement, the National Front, and the Islamic People's Republican Party, also "objected to the imposition of Khomeini's choice". According to "official results", it was approved by 98.2% of eligible citizens.
In order to include the Iranian youth who participated in the revolution, the voting age was lowered from 18 to 16.
Following this, the 1906 constitution was declared invalid and a new constitution for an Islamic state was created and ratified by another referendum in December 1979.
Party policies
Voting
The Interim Government of Iran invited a four-man delegation of international jurists from International Association of Democratic Lawyers to monitor the voting. According to The Washington Post, polling places lacked voting booths and the colored ballots could clearly be seen by observers, quoting head of the delegation "this is not the way we do things in the West, and it does not meet our criteria of democracy". Sadegh Zibakalam describes the referendum as "free and fair". Michael Axworthy states "there may have been some irregularities in the referendum, but most balanced observers then and since have accepted that whatever the conditions, a referendum at that time with that question would always have given a massive majority for the same result".
A huge voter turnout was reported nationwide, except for Turkmen Sahra and Iranian Kurdistan, where the referendum was not held in full due to ongoing armed conflicts.
Results
| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
| For | 20,147,855 | 99.3 |
| Against | 140,996 | 0.7 |
| Valid Votes | 20,288,851 | 100 |
| Source: Nohlen et al | ||
| Choice | Votes |
|---|---|
| Number of Eligible Voters | 20,857,391 |
| Number of Actual Voters | 20,440,108 |
| Voter Turnout | 98% |
| Source: Iran Social Science Data Portal | |
Results by province
| Province | Votes | Proportion of votes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | |
| East Azerbaijan Province | 2,001,628 | 5,354 | 99.73% | 0.27% |
| West Azerbaijan Province | 640,323 | 5,547 | 99.14% | 0.86% |
| Isfahan Province | 1,357,605 | 4,470 | 99.67% | 0.33% |
| Ilam Province | 161,942 | 16 | 99.99% | 0.01% |
| Bakhtaran Province | 612,830 | 6,159 | 99.00% | 1.00% |
| Bushehr Province | 200,023 | 333 | 99.83% | 0.17% |
| Tehran Province | 3,462,449 | 72,980 | 97.94% | 2.06% |
| Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province | 210,936 | 885 | 99.58% | 0.42% |
| Khorasan Province | 1,983,458 | 6,712 | 99.66% | 0.34% |
| Khuzestan Province | 1,248,591 | 8,557 | 99.32% | 0.68% |
| Zanjan Province | 765,786 | 875 | 99.89% | 0.11% |
| Semnan Province | 185,674 | 424 | 99.77% | 0.23% |
| Sistan and Baluchestan Province | 314,319 | 1,052 | 99.67% | 0.33% |
| Fars Province | 1,224,821 | 5,281 | 99.57% | 0.43% |
| Kordestan Province | 318,360 | 2,570 | 99.20% | 0.80% |
| Kerman Province | 651,011 | 1,507 | 99.77% | 0.23% |
| Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province | 159,463 | 254 | 99.84% | 0.16% |
| Gilan Province | 810,708 | 7,539 | 99.08% | 0.92% |
| Lorestan Province | 643,216 | 821 | 99.87% | 0.13% |
| Mazandaran Province | 1,205,501 | 3,871 | 99.68% | 0.32% |
| Markazi Province | 771,189 | 1,052 | 99.86% | 0.14% |
| Hormozgan Province | 252,791 | 3,842 | 98.50% | 1.50% |
| Hamedan Province | 744,636 | 1,023 | 99.86% | 0.14% |
| Yazd Province | 241,024 | 187 | 99.92% | 0.08% |
| Abroad | 118,069 | 12,444 | 90.47% | 9.53% |
| Total | 20,286,353 | 153,755 | 99.25% | 0.75% |
| Source: Ministry of Interior[permanent dead link] | ||||
See also
References
External links
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