List Of Countries By Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Capita

The following table lists the 1970, 1990, 2005, 2017 and 2022 annual per capita CO₂ emissions estimates (in kilotons of CO₂ per year).

The data only consider carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry Over the last 150 years, estimated cumulative emissions from land use and land-use change represent approximately one-third of total cumulative anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Emissions from international shipping or bunker fuels are also not included in national figures, which can make a large difference for small countries with important ports.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report finds that the "Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)" sector on average, accounted for 13-21% of global total anthropogenic GHG emissions in the period 2010–2019. Land use change drivers net AFOLU CO₂ emission fluxes, with deforestation being responsible for 45% of total AFOLU emissions. In addition to being a net carbon sink and source of GHG emissions, land plays an important role in climate through albedo effects, evapotranspiration, and aerosol loading through emissions of volatile organic compounds. The IPCC report finds that the LULUCF sector offers significant near-term mitigation potential while providing food, wood and other renewable resources as well as biodiversity conservation. Mitigation measures in forests and other natural ecosystems provide the largest share of the LULUCF mitigation potential between 2020 and 2050. Among various LULUCF activities, reducing deforestation has the largest potential to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions, followed by carbon sequestration in agriculture and ecosystem restoration including afforestation and reforestation. Land use change emissions can be negative.

According to Science for Policy report in 2023 by the Joint Research Centre (JRC – the European Commission's science and knowledge service) and International Energy Agency (IEA), in 2022, global GHG emissions primarily consisted of CO₂, resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels (71.6%).

In 2022, CO₂ emissions from the top 10 countries with the highest emissions accounted for almost two thirds of the global total. Since 2006, China has been emitting more CO₂ than any other country. However, the main advantage of measuring total national emissions per capita is that it does take population size into account. China has the largest CO₂ emissions in the world, but also the largest population. For a fair comparison, emissions should be analyzed in terms of the amount of CO₂ per capita. Considering CO₂ per capita emissions in 2022, China's levels (8.85) are almost half those of the United States (14.44) and less than a sixth of those of Palau (59.00 – the country with the highest emissions of CO₂ per capita).

Measures of territorial-based emissions, also known as production-based emissions, do not account for emissions embedded in global trade, where emissions may be imported or exported in the form of traded goods, as it only reports emissions emitted within geographical boundaries. Accordingly, a proportion of the CO₂ produced and reported in Asia and Africa is for the production of goods consumed in Europe and North America.

Greenhouse gases (GHG) – primarily carbon dioxide but also others, including methane and chlorofluorocarbons – trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Higher temperatures then act on the climate, with varying effects. For example, dry regions might become drier while, at the poles, the ice caps are melting, causing higher sea levels. In 2016, the global average temperature was already 1.1 °C above pre-industrial levels.

According to the review of the scientific literature conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas by warming contribution. The other major anthropogenic greenhouse gases^: 147) are not included in the following list, nor are humans emissions of water vapor (H₂O), the most important greenhouse gases, as they are negligible compared to naturally occurring quantities.

The data in the following table is extracted from EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research.

Country / territory	Per capita CO2 emissions (tCO2/cap/year)					% total	Change (1990=100%)
	1970	1990	2005	2017	2022	2022	2022
Aruba	0.43	3.05	3.58	4.05	4.25	87.81%	139.61%
Afghanistan	0.16	0.24	0.05	0.24	0.14	2.95%	60.34%
Angola	1.32	0.93	0.82	0.88	0.58	11.91%	62.20%
Anguilla	0.34	0.74	1.08	1.95	1.52	31.41%	206.95%
Albania	2.25	2.03	1.35	1.83	1.52	31.43%	75.15%
Netherlands Antilles	101.06	18.18	45.68	24.95	12.41	256.13%	68.24%
United Arab Emirates	82.50	30.55	26.72	21.83	21.75	449.03%	71.19%
Argentina	3.63	3.04	3.90	4.26	3.97	82.05%	130.67%
Armenia	5.02	5.82	1.50	1.84	2.15	44.43%	36.95%
Antigua and Barbuda	1.53	2.31	1.79	2.48	2.59	53.58%	112.17%
Australia	12.49	16.27	18.96	16.99	15.12	312.26%	92.97%
Austria	7.01	7.97	9.68	8.01	6.94	143.19%	86.98%
Azerbaijan	7.00	7.51	3.55	3.32	3.62	74.78%	48.21%
Burundi	0.02	0.04	0.02	0.05	0.07	1.51%	193.38%
Belgium	14.46	11.57	11.29	8.70	7.72	159.41%	66.71%
Benin	0.11	0.08	0.35	0.65	0.75	15.54%	942.46%
Burkina Faso	0.04	0.04	0.09	0.23	0.26	5.44%	698.12%
Bangladesh	0.05	0.13	0.28	0.61	0.63	13.00%	467.23%
Bulgaria	8.10	9.02	6.81	6.95	7.32	151.16%	81.16%
Bahrain	13.92	24.15	26.26	22.60	21.31	440.02%	88.24%
Bahamas	8.51	4.00	2.43	3.18	3.49	72.13%	87.43%
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3.07	5.51	4.45	6.83	6.26	129.32%	113.76%
Belarus	6.12	10.28	6.19	6.35	6.12	126.40%	59.54%
Belize	0.49	0.64	0.49	0.69	0.65	13.44%	102.31%
Bermuda	2.66	3.91	2.66	4.25	5.29	109.27%	135.41%
Bolivia	0.67	0.96	1.08	1.96	1.85	38.19%	192.94%
Brazil	1.10	1.47	1.95	2.35	2.15	44.49%	146.44%
Barbados	1.07	2.14	2.24	2.10	2.34	48.33%	109.15%
Brunei	15.73	12.89	14.15	17.34	20.65	426.40%	160.17%
Bhutan	0.12	0.34	0.85	1.97	2.01	41.45%	596.76%
Botswana	0.22	2.05	2.37	3.25	3.29	67.95%	160.64%
Central African Republic	0.04	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.05	1.11%	97.58%
Canada	16.60	15.90	17.85	16.25	15.22	314.27%	95.71%
Switzerland	6.72	6.71	6.35	4.69	4.11	84.82%	61.24%
Chile	2.92	2.49	3.65	4.95	4.96	102.34%	198.77%
China	1.10	2.05	4.74	7.82	8.85	182.67%	431.08%
Ivory Coast	0.50	0.24	0.35	0.51	0.53	10.88%	217.52%
Cameroon	0.13	0.41	0.31	0.41	0.37	7.63%	90.73%
Democratic Republic of the Congo	0.15	0.10	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.77%	38.35%
Republic of the Congo	1.32	0.98	1.17	1.06	1.24	25.66%	126.42%
Cook Islands	0.88	2.19	4.37	6.75	6.34	130.91%	289.67%
Colombia	1.29	1.55	1.40	1.59	1.74	35.87%	112.27%
Comoros	0.10	0.10	0.22	0.30	0.38	7.81%	388.76%
Cape Verde	0.56	0.16	1.29	1.53	1.74	36.01%	1,088.69%
Costa Rica	0.78	0.94	1.50	1.71	1.68	34.65%	178.27%
Cuba	2.51	3.65	2.32	2.31	2.15	44.46%	59.00%
Cayman Islands	2.79	4.34	2.80	4.17	4.73	97.59%	109.02%
Cyprus	3.53	6.05	7.69	6.24	6.10	125.85%	100.73%
Czech Republic	19.02	15.92	12.53	10.35	9.55	197.20%	59.98%
Germany	13.68	12.74	10.23	9.37	8.16	168.39%	64.01%
Djibouti	4.46	1.68	0.97	0.67	0.74	15.29%	44.04%
Dominica	0.11	0.28	0.82	0.86	0.92	18.94%	323.36%
Denmark	12.56	10.20	9.35	5.86	4.99	103.04%	48.93%
Dominican Republic	0.86	1.12	2.03	2.20	2.07	42.77%	184.87%
Algeria	1.31	2.62	2.95	3.91	3.97	82.01%	151.52%
Ecuador	0.83	1.71	2.05	2.39	2.59	53.48%	151.04%
Egypt	0.73	1.59	2.32	2.75	2.50	51.60%	156.91%
Eritrea	0.19	0.11	0.15	0.12	0.14	2.93%	134.00%
Western Sahara	1.13	0.69	0.59	0.39	0.39	7.97%	55.99%
Spain	4.25	5.89	8.40	6.06	5.48	113.13%	93.01%
Estonia	11.91	24.24	14.31	16.21	8.39	173.23%	34.61%
Ethiopia	0.04	0.05	0.07	0.16	0.18	3.69%	393.23%
Finland	8.94	11.25	10.99	8.25	6.64	137.20%	59.06%
Fiji	1.37	1.37	2.23	1.97	1.81	37.34%	132.45%
Falkland Islands	1.47	2.69	3.53	5.37	7.26	149.87%	269.60%
France	9.15	6.74	6.63	5.21	4.76	98.37%	70.66%
Faroe Islands	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.86%	124.07%
Gabon	1.02	6.47	4.55	2.80	2.46	50.90%	38.07%
United Kingdom	12.03	10.16	9.23	5.73	5.00	103.34%	49.26%
Georgia	4.91	6.37	1.08	2.81	3.10	64.00%	48.63%
Ghana	0.27	0.21	0.33	0.58	0.76	15.77%	356.81%
Gibraltar	2.43	4.93	12.66	18.80	18.96	391.49%	384.45%
Guinea	0.11	0.16	0.18	0.25	0.26	5.42%	164.86%
Guadeloupe	0.58	1.70	1.46	1.87	2.02	41.69%	118.86%
Gambia	0.18	0.14	0.23	0.24	0.25	5.20%	185.31%
Guinea-Bissau	0.06	0.17	0.20	0.16	0.17	3.45%	98.29%
Equatorial Guinea	0.14	0.17	8.50	5.04	3.37	69.66%	2,025.90%
Greece	3.33	7.60	9.17	6.13	5.14	106.15%	67.63%
Grenada	0.12	0.50	0.64	1.08	1.10	22.79%	221.97%
Greenland	0.02	0.02	10.87	9.01	8.17	168.78%	39,780.87%
Guatemala	0.44	0.42	0.90	1.01	1.08	22.33%	255.94%
French Guiana	1.90	2.10	0.92	1.22	1.11	22.95%	53.04%
Guyana	2.13	1.58	1.98	3.17	4.76	98.30%	301.44%
Hong Kong	2.45	6.06	6.24	5.97	4.24	87.63%	70.05%
Honduras	0.45	0.48	0.96	1.01	1.06	21.88%	222.89%
Croatia	4.91	5.19	5.19	4.47	4.23	87.41%	81.53%
Haiti	0.11	0.16	0.20	0.32	0.30	6.11%	183.94%
Hungary	6.39	6.91	5.98	5.54	4.95	102.24%	71.68%
Indonesia	0.27	0.89	1.59	2.05	2.50	51.52%	281.46%
India	0.39	0.69	1.06	1.82	1.91	39.40%	276.40%
Ireland	7.00	9.03	11.12	8.02	7.61	157.23%	84.32%
Iran	2.79	3.64	6.64	8.19	8.08	166.77%	221.76%
Iraq	2.33	3.96	3.22	4.22	4.43	91.51%	111.85%
Iceland	9.47	9.18	10.61	9.89	10.23	211.12%	111.37%
Israel	3.75	5.34	6.09	5.13	4.24	87.55%	79.46%
Italy	5.83	7.43	8.38	5.82	5.48	113.14%	73.71%
Jamaica	4.29	3.10	3.87	2.52	2.08	42.95%	67.14%
Jordan	1.59	2.83	3.56	2.74	2.27	46.79%	80.06%
Japan	8.09	9.36	9.99	9.46	8.61	177.84%	92.03%
Kazakhstan	9.82	15.03	11.70	12.32	12.85	265.38%	85.54%
Kenya	0.33	0.28	0.25	0.40	0.38	7.93%	138.87%
Kyrgyzstan	3.98	5.41	1.06	1.59	1.60	32.94%	29.49%
Cambodia	0.03	0.05	0.20	0.74	1.03	21.19%	2,177.76%
Kiribati	0.37	0.23	0.71	0.69	0.59	12.12%	258.40%
Saint Kitts and Nevis	0.33	0.48	1.16	1.72	1.76	36.28%	367.49%
South Korea	1.93	6.34	10.58	13.11	12.26	253.23%	193.45%
Kuwait	51.30	15.39	33.01	23.19	24.90	514.18%	161.81%
Laos	0.11	0.06	0.23	2.81	2.74	56.48%	4,612.11%
Lebanon	2.36	2.21	4.16	4.82	4.05	83.53%	183.02%
Liberia	0.69	0.18	0.21	0.25	0.30	6.25%	166.39%
Libya	18.42	7.33	9.93	8.63	9.20	189.87%	125.50%
Saint Lucia	0.28	0.48	0.65	1.00	1.39	28.75%	288.37%
Sri Lanka	0.25	0.24	0.74	1.12	0.87	18.05%	357.52%
Lesotho	0.07	0.07	0.21	0.30	0.33	6.76%	474.16%
Lithuania	6.09	9.45	4.16	4.83	4.69	96.84%	49.62%
Luxembourg	54.13	30.67	26.46	15.75	12.26	253.07%	39.96%
Latvia	5.29	7.40	3.56	3.80	3.61	74.48%	48.77%
Macau	1.23	2.70	4.51	5.14	3.34	69.05%	123.76%
Morocco	0.43	0.90	1.46	1.79	1.92	39.56%	212.23%
Moldova	4.66	7.28	1.97	2.02	2.17	44.76%	29.79%
Madagascar	0.12	0.08	0.10	0.14	0.11	2.26%	139.70%
Maldives	0.09	0.42	2.28	4.30	4.62	95.41%	1,107.43%
Mexico	2.32	3.40	4.12	3.86	3.56	73.58%	104.90%
North Macedonia	5.29	5.61	4.69	3.83	3.99	82.40%	71.19%
Mali	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.26	0.31	6.45%	815.83%
Malta	2.13	6.37	6.48	3.56	3.93	81.24%	61.76%
Myanmar	0.18	0.11	0.23	0.63	0.67	13.86%	615.83%
Mongolia	4.36	6.02	4.40	6.50	6.71	138.58%	111.50%
Mozambique	0.34	0.09	0.13	0.28	0.29	6.06%	334.62%
Mauritania	0.29	0.35	0.49	0.82	0.92	18.92%	259.26%
Martinique	0.66	1.92	1.69	2.25	2.34	48.23%	121.95%
Mauritius	0.37	1.12	2.44	3.33	3.35	69.12%	298.03%
Malawi	0.08	0.16	0.27	0.29	0.26	5.42%	160.55%
Malaysia	1.27	3.13	6.90	7.43	8.23	169.98%	262.86%
Namibia	0.95	0.90	1.28	1.65	1.53	31.55%	170.14%
New Caledonia	9.94	9.25	12.13	18.12	18.24	376.56%	197.24%
Niger	0.05	0.08	0.06	0.09	0.10	2.09%	130.93%
Nigeria	0.52	0.78	0.72	0.59	0.57	11.69%	72.51%
Nicaragua	0.69	0.47	0.82	0.91	0.88	18.09%	184.92%
Netherlands	10.31	10.95	11.07	9.89	7.79	160.93%	71.18%
Norway	9.27	8.58	9.39	8.74	7.62	157.25%	88.73%
Nepal	0.02	0.06	0.13	0.46	0.51	10.59%	883.47%
New Zealand	5.28	7.01	8.75	7.70	6.58	135.96%	93.93%
Oman	10.11	8.58	13.12	17.75	17.09	352.78%	199.05%
Pakistan	0.31	0.61	0.86	1.07	0.92	19.07%	151.84%
Panama	1.71	1.10	2.13	2.48	2.58	53.25%	234.46%
Peru	1.31	0.95	1.15	1.71	1.81	37.35%	189.54%
Philippines	0.74	0.70	0.92	1.30	1.38	28.42%	195.76%
Palau	173.68	142.83	87.12	55.05	59.00	1,218.25%	41.31%
Papua New Guinea	0.45	0.49	0.87	0.80	0.52	10.70%	106.08%
Poland	9.46	9.77	8.26	8.67	8.53	176.14%	87.27%
Puerto Rico	10.50	5.28	6.82	3.09	3.47	71.55%	65.57%
North Korea	5.27	6.50	3.34	2.17	2.09	43.11%	32.11%
Portugal	1.89	4.39	6.41	5.34	4.07	83.99%	92.60%
Paraguay	0.26	0.52	0.66	1.24	1.37	28.36%	265.35%
French Polynesia	1.28	4.20	3.92	3.63	3.25	67.19%	77.45%
Qatar	134.36	35.67	50.39	38.47	35.52	733.40%	99.58%
Réunion	0.80	1.54	3.01	3.03	3.01	62.16%	196.02%
Romania	6.15	7.93	4.78	4.13	4.03	83.11%	50.73%
Russia	10.87	15.95	11.97	12.02	13.31	274.80%	83.43%
Rwanda	0.02	0.08	0.08	0.11	0.12	2.46%	155.68%
Saudi Arabia	8.04	10.63	14.47	18.30	16.98	350.65%	159.72%
Serbia and Montenegro	3.51	6.53	6.26	6.31	6.13	126.67%	93.96%
Sudan	0.25	0.22	0.28	0.45	0.40	8.34%	186.93%
Senegal	0.32	0.31	0.51	0.63	0.67	13.75%	212.77%
Singapore	3.16	10.48	9.27	9.97	8.85	182.68%	84.41%
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	0.57	1.72	2.27	4.04	4.48	92.40%	259.65%
Solomon Islands	0.41	0.50	0.68	0.56	0.47	9.77%	94.54%
Sierra Leone	0.13	0.15	0.10	0.13	0.13	2.71%	87.91%
El Salvador	0.44	0.49	1.17	1.04	1.22	25.15%	246.82%
Somalia	0.17	0.09	0.07	0.05	0.06	1.14%	63.64%
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	6.66	13.66	3.45	5.42	5.30	109.43%	38.80%
São Tomé and Príncipe	0.19	0.34	0.58	0.69	0.70	14.36%	201.72%
Suriname	1.69	1.56	3.38	4.34	5.60	115.69%	359.69%
Slovakia	9.65	11.37	7.74	6.85	6.46	133.48%	56.87%
Slovenia	6.26	7.45	8.83	7.38	6.70	138.38%	90.01%
Sweden	11.71	6.60	6.09	4.37	3.69	76.22%	55.94%
Eswatini	0.50	1.28	0.89	0.81	0.91	18.74%	70.76%
Seychelles	2.04	3.83	10.94	11.49	11.29	233.10%	294.54%
Syria	1.00	2.65	3.21	1.45	1.38	28.49%	52.10%
Turks and Caicos Islands	0.58	0.41	1.18	2.28	2.33	48.01%	564.84%
Chad	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.14	0.12	2.53%	305.23%
Togo	0.16	0.20	0.23	0.23	0.28	5.73%	139.22%
Thailand	0.49	1.66	3.50	3.97	4.06	83.83%	244.58%
Tajikistan	2.38	2.33	0.47	0.78	1.07	22.15%	45.99%
Turkmenistan	12.91	12.41	11.13	11.56	11.27	232.76%	90.87%
Timor-Leste	0.00	0.00	0.34	0.54	0.40	8.20%	17,240.95%
Tonga	0.22	0.92	1.27	1.67	1.48	30.49%	160.20%
Trinidad and Tobago	6.72	10.37	26.25	23.60	21.17	437.15%	204.18%
Tunisia	0.84	1.79	2.32	2.62	2.96	61.14%	165.59%
Turkey	1.29	2.87	3.62	5.38	5.66	116.87%	196.89%
Taiwan	2.47	6.00	11.81	12.27	11.52	237.84%	192.14%
Tanzania	0.12	0.08	0.15	0.21	0.25	5.26%	311.41%
Uganda	0.10	0.05	0.08	0.14	0.15	3.10%	315.22%
Ukraine	11.11	15.15	7.53	4.53	3.07	63.44%	20.28%
Uruguay	1.89	1.26	1.66	1.83	2.43	50.13%	192.39%
United States	21.93	19.74	19.95	15.29	14.44	298.14%	73.16%
Uzbekistan	6.53	6.23	4.58	3.60	3.89	80.31%	62.43%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0.12	0.26	0.56	0.91	0.75	15.40%	291.41%
Venezuela	4.93	5.15	5.81	4.62	2.86	58.97%	55.47%
British Virgin Islands	0.75	1.05	1.50	1.97	1.96	40.46%	187.23%
Vietnam	0.40	0.30	1.19	2.40	3.27	67.57%	1,084.44%
Vanuatu	0.88	0.68	0.45	0.70	0.71	14.72%	104.22%
Samoa	0.46	0.74	1.29	1.88	1.75	36.15%	236.00%
Yemen	0.26	0.59	1.07	0.37	0.39	8.02%	66.06%
South Africa	8.12	8.34	8.90	8.27	6.75	139.37%	80.91%
Zambia	0.89	0.38	0.20	0.43	0.47	9.67%	124.07%
Zimbabwe	1.84	1.71	0.88	0.62	0.55	11.45%	32.47%
World	4.28	4.22	4.58	4.89	4.84	100%	114.64%

CO₂ emissions are typically measured on the basis of ‘production’. This accounting method – which is sometimes referred to as ‘territorial’ emissions – is used when countries report their emissions, and set targets domestically and internationally. In addition to the commonly reported production-based emissions statisticians also calculate ‘consumption-based’ emissions. These emissions are adjusted for trade. To calculate consumption-based emissions, traded goods are tracked across the world, and whenever a good was imported all CO₂ emissions that were emitted in the production of that good are also imported, and vice versa to subtract all CO₂ emissions that were emitted in the production of goods that were exported.

Consumption-based emissions reflect the consumption and lifestyle choices of a country's citizens. They are national or regional emissions that have been adjusted for trade, calculated as domestic (or ‘production-based’) emissions minus the emissions generated in the production of goods and services that are exported to other countries or regions, plus emissions from the production of goods and services that are imported.

Consumption-based emissions = Production-based – Exported + Imported emissions

This is measured as the net import-export balance in tons of CO₂ per year. Positive values represent netimporters of CO₂. Negative values represent net exporters of CO₂.

The data in the following table is extracted from Our World in Data database.

Country / territory	Production vs. consumption-based CO2 emissions per capita (tCO2/cap)										CO2 emissions embedded in global trade (tCO2/cap)
	1990		2005		2017		2020		2021		2020
	P	C	P	C	P	C	P	C	P	C	C-P	(C-P)/P (%)	Net
Aruba	7.413		28.771		8.443		7.307		8.054
Afghanistan	0.189		0.077		0.277		0.300		0.296
Angola	0.430		0.977		0.805		0.607		0.619
Anguilla	6.151		10.556		9.501		8.416		9.173
Albania	1.675	1.686	1.405	1.923	1.932	2.138	1.649	2.015	1.618		0.365	22.14%	importer
Andorra	7.589		7.205		6.301		5.775		5.729
United Arab Emirates	27.210	29.460	26.741	33.573	23.616	23.982	21.436	19.848	21.792		−1.588	−7.41%	exporter
Argentina	3.434	3.433	4.132	3.596	4.242	4.337	3.758	3.535	4.118		−0.223	−5.95%	exporter
Armenia	2.515	1.683	1.436	1.915	1.943	2.031	2.292	2.587	2.439		0.295	12.86%	importer
Antigua and Barbuda	3.470		4.679		5.387		4.591		5.027
Australia	16.316	14.264	19.143	17.051	16.850	15.369	15.579	13.811	15.091		−1.768	−11.35%	exporter
Austria	8.093	11.630	9.612	12.980	7.911	10.458	6.964	9.118	7.243		2.154	30.93%	importer
Azerbaijan	6.910	3.758	3.961	4.091	3.436	3.412	3.647	3.806	3.732		0.159	4.35%	importer
Burundi	0.038		0.021		0.048		0.054		0.055
Belgium	12.078	15.543	11.946	21.497	8.707	17.642	7.816	15.392	8.244		7.576	96.93%	importer
Benin	0.113	0.181	0.306	0.460	0.587	0.663	0.575	0.654	0.597		0.080	13.84%	importer
Caribbean Netherlands	5.468		4.358		4.206		3.585		3.868
Burkina Faso	0.064	0.088	0.081	0.123	0.228	0.263	0.250	0.282	0.258		0.032	12.64%	importer
Bangladesh	0.131	0.170	0.267	0.274	0.499	0.749	0.542	0.807	0.550		0.264	48.74%	importer
Bulgaria	8.748	6.999	6.482	6.215	6.623	5.744	5.297	5.229	6.181		−0.067	−1.27%	exporter
Bahrain	23.976	22.449	21.957	8.693	22.539	13.110	25.451	14.775	26.664		−10.676	−41.95%	exporter
Bahamas	7.472		5.478		5.252		5.330		5.850
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4.319		3.919		6.441		6.308		4.148
Belarus	10.389	5.880	5.970	4.328	6.105	6.156	6.082	5.988	6.223		−0.094	−1.55%	exporter
Belize	1.706		1.503		1.643		1.556		1.723
Bermuda	8.731		9.250		9.957		7.766		8.533
Bolivia	1.410	1.285	1.191	1.066	2.053	2.066	1.765	1.832	1.931		0.067	3.78%	importer
Brazil	1.451	1.630	1.951	1.871	2.386	2.393	2.075	1.997	2.281		−0.077	−3.73%	exporter
Barbados	4.134		4.895		4.321		3.639		4.002
Brunei	23.626	16.566	13.278	12.341	21.635	19.522	23.890	22.550	23.532		−1.341	−5.61%	exporter
Bhutan	0.230		0.571		1.639		1.941		1.958
Botswana	2.013	2.013	2.162	1.393	2.947	4.964	2.458	4.702	2.511		2.244	91.32%	importer
Central African Republic	0.065		0.051		0.043		0.040		0.042
Canada	16.568	17.464	17.838	18.904	15.635	14.518	14.117	12.950	14.300		−1.166	−8.26%	exporter
Switzerland	6.580	12.774	6.163	14.651	4.517	15.213	3.964	12.356	4.019		8.392	211.73%	importer
Chile	2.465	2.403	3.767	3.770	4.577	4.799	4.344	4.432	4.383		0.089	2.04%	importer
China	2.154	2.012	4.503	3.613	7.099	6.488	7.689	7.041	8.046		−0.648	−8.42%	exporter
Ivory Coast	0.401	0.499	0.395	0.404	0.483	0.615	0.409	0.549	0.426		0.140	34.31%	importer
Cameroon	0.228	0.263	0.208	0.348	0.393	0.462	0.340	0.376	0.342		0.036	10.47%	importer
Democratic Republic of the Congo	0.118		0.026		0.029		0.027		0.027
Republic of the Congo	0.423		0.271		1.073		1.321		1.279
Cook Islands	2.564		4.348		4.628		5.217		5.368
Colombia	1.745	1.900	1.423	1.505	1.648	2.235	1.679	2.136	1.780		0.457	27.18%	importer
Comoros	0.153		0.241		0.351		0.350		0.363
Cape Verde	0.492		0.907		1.025		1.073		1.136
Costa Rica	0.922	1.636	1.558	2.205	1.642	2.498	1.382	2.195	1.517		0.813	58.83%	importer
Cuba	2.790		2.173		2.225		1.746		1.960
Curaçao	30.768		34.321		26.784		8.841		9.686
Cyprus	5.901	8.622	7.673	9.290	6.227	6.485	5.874	5.478	6.109		−0.397	−6.75%	exporter
Czech Republic	15.941	14.695	12.226	10.733	10.231	10.549	8.722	9.485	9.242		0.763	8.75%	importer
Germany	13.254	15.017	10.667	12.921	9.508	10.887	7.673	9.234	8.090		1.561	20.35%	importer
Djibouti	0.476		0.498		0.377		0.333		0.343
Dominica	0.843		2.080		2.289		1.998		2.189
Denmark	10.416	12.071	9.480	12.301	6.062	8.597	4.855	7.309	5.052		2.454	50.55%	importer
Dominican Republic	1.253	1.314	1.958	3.577	2.256	2.878	2.398	2.863	2.601		0.465	19.38%	importer
Algeria	3.007		3.231		4.045		3.970		3.990
Ecuador	1.575	1.624	2.176	2.383	2.400	2.738	1.959	2.319	2.322		0.360	18.36%	importer
Egypt	1.315	1.431	2.087	1.865	2.555	2.506	2.194	2.248	2.285		0.054	2.46%	importer
Eritrea	0.000		0.272		0.207		0.220		0.227
Spain	5.948	6.824	8.471	9.402	5.904	6.341	4.504	5.349	4.920		0.845	18.76%	importer
Estonia	23.507	19.982	12.630	14.286	14.240	12.798	7.028	9.385	7.864		2.357	33.54%	importer
Ethiopia	0.062	0.082	0.064	0.052	0.144	0.186	0.145	0.173	0.148		0.028	19.02%	importer
Finland	11.414	16.183	10.874	15.404	8.093	10.066	6.799	8.681	6.792		1.882	27.68%	importer
Fiji	1.027		1.173		1.423		1.554		1.590
France	6.974	8.732	6.878	9.105	5.261	6.688	4.343	5.821	4.741		1.478	34.03%	importer
Faroe Islands	14.809		14.940		14.070		13.199		13.198
Federated States of Micronesia			1.057		1.294		1.380		1.405
Gabon	4.562		3.332		2.937		2.483		2.440
United Kingdom	10.522	11.697	9.445	12.445	5.863	8.297	4.865	6.929	5.154		2.064	42.42%	importer
Georgia	2.958	1.825	1.267	2.216	2.697	3.002	2.839	3.472	2.930		0.633	22.30%	importer
Ghana	0.245	0.314	0.302	0.487	0.461	0.676	0.611	0.713	0.649		0.102	16.66%	importer
Guinea	0.158	0.158	0.200	0.189	0.265	0.425	0.343	0.435	0.358		0.092	26.70%	importer
Guadeloupe	3.408		5.929		6.262		5.791		5.785
Gambia	0.190		0.194		0.249		0.238		0.248
Guinea-Bissau	0.177		0.154		0.162		0.163		0.171
Equatorial Guinea	0.134		9.296		5.420		3.126		3.197
Greece	8.099	9.354	10.248	8.406	7.000	5.396	5.290	5.053	5.391		−0.237	−4.48%	exporter
Grenada	1.073		1.960		2.303		2.312		2.561
Greenland	11.229		11.318		9.687		8.929		9.076
Guatemala	0.547	0.748	0.922	0.774	1.045	0.924	1.013	1.235	1.154		0.221	21.84%	importer
French Guiana	6.321		2.965		2.624		2.239		2.190
Guyana	1.510		2.132		3.039		4.003		3.838
Hong Kong	4.650	14.767	6.304	12.722	5.687	11.508	4.200	10.771	4.225		6.571	156.44%	importer
Honduras	0.496	0.658	0.904	0.708	1.063	0.843	0.973	0.807	1.060		−0.165	−17.01%	exporter
Croatia	4.715	4.303	5.270	5.856	4.471	5.245	4.118	5.515	4.360		1.397	33.93%	importer
Haiti	0.144		0.189		0.285		0.232		0.251
Hungary	7.057	8.837	5.984	7.761	5.058	6.718	4.849	6.235	4.990		1.386	28.58%	importer
Indonesia	0.795	0.767	1.525	1.437	2.145	2.163	2.243	2.296	2.262		0.053	2.37%	importer
India	0.664	0.661	1.026	0.949	1.798	1.690	1.751	1.631	1.925		−0.120	−6.88%	exporter
Ireland	9.452	11.350	11.685	17.619	8.189	10.420	7.107	8.815	7.528		1.708	24.03%	importer
Iran	3.763	3.627	6.599	5.638	8.111	7.023	8.363	7.543	8.517		−0.819	−9.80%	exporter
Iraq	2.778		3.929		5.343		4.077		4.263
Iceland	8.689		9.994		10.481		9.078		9.113
Israel	7.458	10.324	8.419	11.000	7.081	9.354	6.281	8.419	6.127		2.138	34.04%	importer
Italy	7.744	9.989	8.630	10.591	5.879	7.442	5.080	6.535	5.548		1.454	28.63%	importer
Jamaica	3.147	3.116	3.891	2.604	2.777	2.254	2.462	2.242	2.719		−0.220	−8.93%	exporter
Jordan	3.010	4.647	3.599	4.266	2.489	3.069	2.282	2.668	2.296		0.385	16.89%	importer
Japan	9.363	10.653	10.099	12.080	9.382	10.350	8.321	9.479	8.566		1.157	13.90%	importer
Kazakhstan	16.529	17.148	12.802	8.934	17.515	11.001	14.669	9.774	14.413		−4.895	−33.37%	exporter
Kenya	0.246	0.348	0.233	0.321	0.348	0.524	0.352	0.518	0.375		0.166	47.25%	importer
Kyrgyzstan	4.397	4.545	1.062	1.424	1.527	2.768	1.321	2.587	1.426		1.266	95.82%	importer
Cambodia	0.141	0.207	0.209	0.708	0.790	1.851	1.141	2.350	1.147		1.210	106.06%	importer
Kiribati	0.293		0.634		0.548		0.550		0.555
Saint Kitts and Nevis	2.613		4.232		5.058		4.528		4.992
South Korea	5.678	7.257	10.413	12.124	12.707	13.401	11.527	12.721	11.886		1.193	10.35%	importer
Kuwait	22.572	23.354	31.836	29.366	23.258	22.742	22.883	22.232	24.972		−0.651	−2.85%	exporter
Laos	0.119	0.186	0.228	0.395	2.813	3.036	2.799	3.041	2.798		0.241	8.62%	importer
Lebanon	2.189		3.586		4.558		4.322		4.463
Liberia	0.211		0.199		0.256		0.222		0.230
Libya	8.618		9.762		8.378		8.802		11.065
Saint Lucia	1.262		2.348		2.854		2.461		2.705
Liechtenstein	6.911		6.613		4.108		3.661		3.865
Sri Lanka	0.223	0.367	0.607	1.035	1.071	1.725	0.999	1.694	0.954		0.694	69.46%	importer
Lesotho	0.819		1.017		1.158		0.971		1.000
Lithuania	9.448	11.455	4.185	6.393	4.673	7.777	4.841	7.197	4.981		2.356	48.66%	importer
Luxembourg	31.010	31.010	26.003	31.018	15.531	16.291	12.843	12.643	13.068		−0.201	−1.56%	exporter
Latvia	7.311	8.032	3.497	6.008	3.691	7.364	3.687	7.348	3.878		3.661	99.30%	importer
Macau	2.950		3.742		3.018		1.881		1.874
Morocco	0.907	1.240	1.468	1.543	1.730	1.841	1.764	1.803	1.904		0.039	2.20%	importer
Moldova	8.155		1.234		1.641		1.702		1.830
Madagascar	0.078	0.117	0.092	0.155	0.157	0.216	0.142	0.193	0.147		0.051	36.13%	importer
Maldives	0.765		1.957		3.203		4.006		4.062
Mexico	3.880	3.927	4.400	4.656	3.790	4.205	3.109	3.432	3.214		0.323	10.38%	importer
Marshall Islands			2.090		3.105		3.561		3.778
North Macedonia	6.939		5.378		3.553		3.150		3.257
Mali	0.047		0.110		0.184		0.185		0.190
Malta	6.552	9.216	6.447	8.013	3.193	18.459	3.104	16.612	3.273		13.509	435.23%	importer
Myanmar	0.106		0.241		0.452		0.676		0.675
Montenegro	3.082		2.766		3.325		3.897		2.789
Mongolia	4.530	4.124	3.327	3.409	11.026	9.817	15.058	13.114	15.030		−1.944	−12.91%	exporter
Mozambique	0.074	0.300	0.088	0.285	0.243	0.455	0.214	0.420	0.223		0.206	96.29%	importer
Mauritania	0.426		0.477		0.822		0.857		0.892
Montserrat	2.707		8.544		6.206		4.147		4.659
Martinique	4.587		6.118		6.037		5.670		5.695
Mauritius	1.341	2.493	2.618	3.573	3.503	4.511	3.243	4.496	3.443		1.254	38.66%	importer
Malawi	0.077	0.160	0.071	0.066	0.076	0.070	0.076	0.128	0.078		0.052	68.36%	importer
Malaysia	3.098	3.741	6.995	5.490	7.762	7.169	7.816	7.321	7.626		−0.495	−6.33%	exporter
Mayotte	0.723		1.204		1.092		0.894		0.865
Namibia	0.000	0.000	1.178	1.150	1.783	4.111	1.585	3.654	1.587		2.069	130.53%	importer
New Caledonia	8.892		11.603		18.797		18.807		19.097
Niger	0.072		0.051		0.104		0.102		0.107
Nigeria	0.408	0.399	0.753	0.690	0.583	0.562	0.625	0.637	0.642		0.013	2.01%	importer
Nicaragua	0.483	0.635	0.783	0.944	0.843	1.121	0.675	0.869	0.739		0.195	28.90%	importer
Niue	2.863		1.948		3.875		5.910		6.092
Netherlands	10.827	13.468	10.879	13.489	9.443	9.837	7.907	8.713	8.059		0.807	10.20%	importer
Norway	8.274		9.374	9.555	8.383	9.534	7.657	8.756	7.573		1.099	14.35%	importer
Nepal	0.037	0.059	0.114	0.175	0.413	0.387	0.475	0.849	0.472		0.374	78.75%	importer
Nauru	12.950		6.026		4.694		4.701		4.756
New Zealand	7.507	7.910	9.055	10.103	7.519	8.088	6.808	7.665	6.587		0.857	12.58%	importer
Oman	6.219	6.948	11.716	9.996	15.108	15.260	15.959	12.929	17.917		−3.030	−18.98%	exporter
Kosovo					4.674		5.101		3.396
Pakistan	0.588	0.626	0.772	0.840	0.999	1.111	0.926	1.006	0.992		0.080	8.59%	importer
Panama	1.074	1.197	2.109		2.740	4.391	2.714	3.706	2.995		0.991	36.53%	importer
Peru	0.968	1.079	1.312	1.336	1.700	1.986	1.426	1.730	1.669		0.304	21.32%	importer
Philippines	0.672	1.019	0.849	1.093	1.266	1.570	1.209	1.504	1.267		0.295	24.40%	importer
Palau	15.309		11.073		12.106		12.891		13.210
Papua New Guinea	0.557		0.674		0.710		0.854		0.855
Poland	9.899	8.469	8.384	7.514	8.765	8.289	7.898	7.471	8.577		−0.428	−5.42%	exporter
North Korea	5.691		3.112		2.028		2.139		2.171
Portugal	4.529	5.185	6.625	12.234	5.356	5.673	4.059	4.655	3.965		0.596	14.68%	importer
Paraguay	0.526	0.931	0.690	1.055	1.270	1.896	1.214	1.843	1.279		0.629	51.82%	importer
Palestine	0.405		0.774		0.695		0.601		0.602
French Polynesia	2.083		2.893		2.914		3.061		3.124
Qatar	25.836	24.285	59.726	35.472	36.943	26.760	33.640	25.771	35.587		−7.869	−23.39%	exporter
Réunion	1.913		4.445		4.773		4.284		4.247
Romania	7.596	7.047	4.753	4.721	4.063	4.350	3.813	4.171	4.104		0.358	9.39%	importer
Russia	17.127	13.795	10.842	8.317	11.372	9.583	11.154	9.341	12.099		−1.813	−16.26%	exporter
Rwanda	0.072	0.072	0.057	0.056	0.095	0.137	0.126	0.165	0.130		0.038	30.21%	importer
Saudi Arabia	13.027	12.100	16.225	14.379	18.824	18.508	18.368	18.278	18.703		−0.090	−0.49%	exporter
Sudan	0.226		0.339		0.551		0.451		0.461
Senegal	0.417	0.452	0.505	0.609	0.710	0.895	0.775	0.938	0.806		0.162	20.93%	importer
Singapore	14.405	23.549	9.281	30.823	6.446	27.118	5.061	24.238	5.472		19.177	378.93%	importer
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	1.105		1.978		1.991		2.297		2.540
Solomon Islands	0.452		0.585		0.444		0.448		0.449
Sierra Leone	0.119		0.075		0.137		0.148		0.154
El Salvador	0.461	0.766	1.043	1.367	0.953	1.252	1.033	1.356	1.141		0.323	31.30%	importer
Somalia	0.104		0.057		0.043		0.035		0.036
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	14.437		10.153		11.029		9.496		10.505
Serbia	7.067		6.594		6.099		6.055		4.230
South Sudan	0.091		0.119		0.136		0.141		0.147
São Tomé and Príncipe	0.396		0.476		0.616		0.569		0.592
Suriname	4.209		3.077		3.593		4.295		4.557
Slovakia	11.683	13.915	7.959	7.960	6.639	7.537	5.698	6.862	6.481		1.163	20.42%	importer
Slovenia	7.601	8.292	8.446	9.477	6.968	9.469	6.076	8.899	5.921		2.823	46.47%	importer
Sweden	6.736	10.015	5.973	10.106	4.246	7.214	3.522	5.936	3.425		2.414	68.56%	importer
Eswatini	1.124		0.947		0.856		0.898		0.912
Sint Maarten	20.474		19.127		16.877		13.477		14.705
Seychelles	2.114		4.436		5.649		5.101		5.337
Syria	2.985		2.684		1.718		1.259		1.266
Turks and Caicos Islands	5.313		7.932		8.823		6.992		7.558
Chad	0.065		0.077		0.131		0.108		0.113
Togo	0.252	0.331	0.301	0.198	0.275	0.268	0.266	0.835	0.271		0.569	214.24%	importer
Thailand	1.570	2.151	3.453	3.302	4.134	3.721	3.881	3.843	3.890		−0.038	−0.97%	exporter
Tajikistan	2.225	0.952	0.352	0.937	0.880	1.765	0.989	1.354	1.060		0.366	37.00%	importer
Turkmenistan	8.416		9.300		12.291		11.525		13.089
Timor-Leste			0.181		0.510		0.553		0.557
Tonga	0.853		1.075		1.286		1.616		1.649
Trinidad and Tobago	13.408	9.275	27.715	11.002	27.267	16.396	23.553	17.253	23.677		−6.300	−26.75%	exporter
Tunisia	1.555	1.884	2.144	1.467	2.581	1.875	2.268	2.083	2.575		−0.185	−8.14%	exporter
Turkey	2.792	3.970	3.854	4.408	5.241	5.387	4.914	4.779	5.263		−0.134	−2.74%	exporter
Tuvalu	1.195		0.738		0.675		0.697		0.708
Taiwan	6.027	8.499	11.689	13.240	12.036	12.231	11.094	11.646	11.855		0.552	4.98%	importer
Tanzania	0.081	0.139	0.136	0.222	0.203	0.297	0.199	0.286	0.205		0.087	43.60%	importer
Uganda	0.043	0.086	0.072	0.127	0.134	0.190	0.124	0.168	0.126		0.044	35.70%	importer
Ukraine	13.682	9.704	6.673	5.327	4.996	4.065	4.713	4.332	4.637		−0.380	−8.07%	exporter
Uruguay	1.273	1.575	1.726	2.288	1.801	2.914	1.836	2.953	1.967		1.117	60.83%	importer
United States	20.648	20.348	20.676	22.669	15.801	17.088	14.037	15.471	14.859		1.434	10.21%	importer
Uzbekistan	5.023		4.387		3.410		3.527		3.569
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0.716		1.962		2.048		1.853		2.048
Venezuela	6.168	4.763	6.143	3.859	4.593	2.155	2.684	0.634	2.828		−2.050	−76.37%	exporter
British Virgin Islands	4.215		7.633		5.602		4.652		5.090
Vietnam	0.318	0.348	1.139	0.883	2.478	1.603	3.403	2.108	3.345		−1.295	−38.06%	exporter
Vanuatu	0.437		0.269		0.480		0.546		0.548		=
Wallis and Futuna	1.359		2.011		2.144		2.318		2.387
Samoa	0.523		0.893		1.182		1.331		1.344
Yemen	0.712		0.928		0.353		0.376		0.378
South Africa	7.847	5.495	8.485	5.875	7.757	5.580	7.412	5.142	7.340		−2.270	−30.62%	exporter
Zambia	0.313	0.356	0.194	0.362	0.396	0.477	0.385	0.391	0.394		0.006	1.54%	importer
Zimbabwe	1.538	1.780	0.875	0.912	0.651	0.712	0.677	0.741	0.706		0.064	9.48%	importer
World	4.281	4.281	4.516	4.516	4.750	4.750	4.497	4.497	4.694	4.694	0.000	0%
Africa	1.033	0.923	1.140	0.946	1.092	1.037	1.019	0.976	1.041		−0.043	−4.18%	exporter
Asia	2.059	2.042	3.148	2.808	4.363	4.044	4.437	4.126	4.621		−0.311	−7.00%	exporter
Asia (excl. China and India)	2.991	3.085	3.595	3.529	4.148	3.899	3.957	3.763	4.036		−0.194	−4.91%	exporter
Europe	11.126	10.747	8.800	9.468	7.555	8.091	6.707	7.283	7.112		0.576	8.59%	importer
Europe (excl. EU-27)	13.734	11.086	9.040	8.077	8.315	7.854	7.916	7.396	8.349		−0.520	−6.56%	exporter
Europe (excl. EU-28)	14.481	10.944	8.937	6.963	9.002	7.730	8.787	7.530	9.269		−1.257	−14.31%	exporter
European Union (27)	9.236	10.501	8.635	10.424	7.038	8.253	5.888	7.207	6.276		1.319	22.40%	importer
European Union (28)	9.390	10.645	8.735	10.671	6.886	8.259	5.754	7.171	6.128		1.417	24.62%	importer
North America	14.233	14.023	14.253	15.400	11.065	11.731	9.773	10.530	10.283		0.758	7.75%	importer
North America (excl. USA)	5.036	4.956	5.490	5.483	4.841	4.692	4.223	4.100	4.350		−0.123	−2.91%	exporter
Oceania	11.675	10.187	12.944	11.506	11.206	10.021	10.355	9.007	10.021		−1.348	−13.02%	exporter
South America	2.019	2.034	2.421	2.178	2.673	2.628	2.274	2.178	2.476		−0.096	−4.20%	exporter
Low-income countries	0.635	0.062	0.398	0.057	0.304	0.109	0.284	0.110	0.287		−0.174	−61.19%	exporter
Lower-middle-income countries	1.112	0.928	1.263	1.074	1.760	1.580	1.760	1.585	1.847		−0.175	−9.94%	exporter
Upper-middle-income countries	3.737	3.235	4.655	3.721	6.239	5.508	6.370	5.644	6.672		−0.726	−11.40%	exporter
High-income countries	12.107	12.968	12.793	14.579	10.912	12.069	9.689	10.905	10.148		1.216	12.55%	importer