Isotopes Of Nickel
Naturally occurring nickel (28Ni) is composed of five stable isotopes; 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni, with 58Ni being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance).
26 radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being 59
Ni
with a half-life of 76,000 years, 63
Ni
with a half-life of 100.1 years, and 56
Ni
with a half-life of 6.077 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 60 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 8 meta states.
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| Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ni) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of isotopes
| Nuclide | Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) | Half-life | Decay mode | Daughter isotope | Spin and parity | Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitation energy | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
| 48 Ni | 28 | 20 | 48.01975(54)# | 2.8(8) ms | 2p (70%) | 46Fe | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| β+ (30%) | 48Co | ||||||||||||||||||
| 49 Ni | 28 | 21 | 49.00966(43)# | 13(4) ms [12(+5−3) ms] | β+, p (83.4%) | 48Fe | 7/2−# | ||||||||||||
| β+ (16.6%) | 49Co | ||||||||||||||||||
| 50 Ni | 28 | 22 | 49.99593(28)# | 18.5(12) ms | β+, p (73%) | 49Fe | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| β+, 2p (14%) | 48Mn | ||||||||||||||||||
| β+ (13%) | 50Co | ||||||||||||||||||
| 51 Ni | 28 | 23 | 50.98772(28)# | 23.8(2) ms | β+, p (87.2%) | 50Fe | 7/2−# | ||||||||||||
| β+ (12.3%) | 51Co | ||||||||||||||||||
| β+, 2p (0.5%) | 49Mn | ||||||||||||||||||
| 52 Ni | 28 | 24 | 51.97568(9)# | 38(5) ms | β+ (83%) | 52Co | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| β+, p (17%) | 51Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 53 Ni | 28 | 25 | 52.96847(17)# | 45(15) ms | β+ (55%) | 53Co | (7/2−)# | ||||||||||||
| β+, p (45%) | 52Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 54 Ni | 28 | 26 | 53.95791(5) | 104(7) ms | β+ | 54Co | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| 55 Ni | 28 | 27 | 54.951330(12) | 204.7(17) ms | β+ | 55Co | 7/2− | ||||||||||||
| 56 Ni | 28 | 28 | 55.942132(12) | 6.075(10) d | β+ | 56 Co | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| 57 Ni | 28 | 29 | 56.9397935(19) | 35.60(6) h | β+ | 57 Co | 3/2− | ||||||||||||
| 58 Ni | 28 | 30 | 57.9353429(7) | Observationally stable | 0+ | 0.680769(89) | |||||||||||||
| 59 Ni | 28 | 31 | 58.9343467(7) | 7.6(5)×104 y | EC (99%) | 59 Co | 3/2− | ||||||||||||
| β+ (1.5×10−5%) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 60 Ni | 28 | 32 | 59.9307864(7) | Stable | 0+ | 0.262231(77) | |||||||||||||
| 61 Ni | 28 | 33 | 60.9310560(7) | Stable | 3/2− | 0.011399(6) | |||||||||||||
| 62 Ni | 28 | 34 | 61.9283451(6) | Stable | 0+ | 0.036345(17) | |||||||||||||
| 63 Ni | 28 | 35 | 62.9296694(6) | 100.1(20) y | β− | 63 Cu | 1/2− | ||||||||||||
| 63m Ni | 87.15(11) keV | 1.67(3) μs | 5/2− | ||||||||||||||||
| 64 Ni | 28 | 36 | 63.9279660(7) | Stable | 0+ | 0.009256(9) | |||||||||||||
| 65 Ni | 28 | 37 | 64.9300843(7) | 2.5172(3) h | β− | 65 Cu | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
| 65m Ni | 63.37(5) keV | 69(3) μs | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||||
| 66 Ni | 28 | 38 | 65.9291393(15) | 54.6(3) h | β− | 66 Cu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| 67 Ni | 28 | 39 | 66.931569(3) | 21(1) s | β− | 67 Cu | 1/2− | ||||||||||||
| 67m Ni | 1007(3) keV | 13.3(2) μs | β− | 67 Cu | 9/2+ | ||||||||||||||
| IT | 67Ni | ||||||||||||||||||
| 68 Ni | 28 | 40 | 67.931869(3) | 29(2) s | β− | 68 Cu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| 68m1 Ni | 1770.0(10) keV | 276(65) ns | 0+ | ||||||||||||||||
| 68m2 Ni | 2849.1(3) keV | 860(50) μs | 5− | ||||||||||||||||
| 69 Ni | 28 | 41 | 68.935610(4) | 11.5(3) s | β− | 69 Cu | 9/2+ | ||||||||||||
| 69m1 Ni | 321(2) keV | 3.5(4) s | β− | 69 Cu | (1/2−) | ||||||||||||||
| IT | 69Ni | ||||||||||||||||||
| 69m2 Ni | 2701(10) keV | 439(3) ns | (17/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
| 70 Ni | 28 | 42 | 69.93650(37) | 6.0(3) s | β− | 70 Cu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| 70m Ni | 2860(2) keV | 232(1) ns | 8+ | ||||||||||||||||
| 71 Ni | 28 | 43 | 70.94074(40) | 2.56(3) s | β− | 71 Cu | 1/2−# | ||||||||||||
| 72 Ni | 28 | 44 | 71.94209(47) | 1.57(5) s | β− (>99.9%) | 72 Cu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (<.1%) | 71 Cu | ||||||||||||||||||
| 73 Ni | 28 | 45 | 72.94647(32)# | 0.84(3) s | β− (>99.9%) | 73 Cu | (9/2+) | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (<.1%) | 72 Cu | ||||||||||||||||||
| 74 Ni | 28 | 46 | 73.94807(43)# | 0.68(18) s | β− (>99.9%) | 74 Cu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (<.1%) | 73 Cu | ||||||||||||||||||
| 75 Ni | 28 | 47 | 74.95287(43)# | 0.6(2) s | β− (98.4%) | 75 Cu | (7/2+)# | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (1.6%) | 74 Cu | ||||||||||||||||||
| 76 Ni | 28 | 48 | 75.95533(97)# | 470(390) ms [0.24(+55−24) s] | β− (>99.9%) | 76 Cu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (<.1%) | 75 Cu | ||||||||||||||||||
| 77 Ni | 28 | 49 | 76.96055(54)# | 300# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 77 Cu | 9/2+# | ||||||||||||
| 78 Ni | 28 | 50 | 77.96318(118)# | 120# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 78 Cu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| 79 Ni | 28 | 51 | 78.970400(640)# | 43.0 ms +86−75 | β− | 79 Cu | |||||||||||||
| 80 Ni | 28 | 52 | 78.970400(640)# | 24 ms +26−17 | β− | 80 Cu | |||||||||||||
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Notable isotopes
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2018) |
This section possibly contains original research. (May 2018) |
The 5 stable and 30 unstable isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from 48
Ni
to 82
Ni
, and include:
Nickel-48, discovered in 1999, is the most neutron-poor nickel isotope known. With 28 protons and 20 neutrons 48
Ni
is "doubly magic" (like 208
Pb
) and therefore much more stable (with a lower limit of its half-life-time of .5 μs) than would be expected from its position in the chart of nuclides. It has the highest ratio of protons to neutrons (proton excess) of any known doubly magic nuclide.
Nickel-56 is produced in large quantities in supernovas and the shape of the light curve of these supernovas display characteristic timescales corresponding to the decay of nickel-56 to cobalt-56 and then to iron-56.
Nickel-58 is the most abundant isotope of nickel, making up 68.077% of the natural abundance. Possible sources include electron capture from copper-58 and EC + p from zinc-59.
Nickel-59 is a long-lived cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 76,000 years. 59
Ni
has found many applications in isotope geology. 59
Ni
has been used to date the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment.
Nickel-60 is the daughter product of the extinct radionuclide 60
Fe
(half-life = 2.6 My). Because 60
Fe
had such a long half-life, its persistence in materials in the Solar System at high enough concentrations may have generated observable variations in the isotopic composition of 60
Ni
. Therefore, the abundance of 60
Ni
present in extraterrestrial material may provide insight into the origin of the Solar System and its early history/very early history. Unfortunately, nickel isotopes appear to have been heterogeneously distributed in the early Solar System. Therefore, so far, no actual age information has been attained from 60
Ni
excesses. 60
Ni
is also the stable end-product of the decay of 60
Zn
, the product of the final rung of the alpha ladder. Other sources may also include beta decay from cobalt-60 and electron capture from copper-60.
Nickel-61 is the only stable isotope of nickel with a nuclear spin (I = 3/2), which makes it useful for studies by EPR spectroscopy.
Nickel-62 has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any isotope for any element, when including the electron shell in the calculation. More energy is released forming this isotope than any other, although fusion can form heavier isotopes. For instance, two 40
Ca
atoms can fuse to form 80
Kr
plus 4 positrons (plus 4 neutrinos), liberating 77 keV per nucleon, but reactions leading to the iron/nickel region are more probable as they release more energy per baryon.
Nickel-63 has two main uses: Detection of explosives traces, and in certain kinds of electronic devices, such as gas discharge tubes used as surge protectors. A surge protector is a device that protects sensitive electronic equipment like computers from sudden changes in the electric current flowing into them. It is also used in Electron capture detector in gas chromatography for the detection mainly of halogens. It is proposed to be used for miniature betavoltaic generators for pacemakers.
Nickel-64 is another stable isotope of nickel. Possible sources include beta decay from cobalt-64, and electron capture from copper-64.
Nickel-78 is one of the element's heaviest known isotopes. With 28 protons and 50 neutrons, nickel-78 is doubly magic, resulting in much greater nuclear binding energy and stability despite having a lopsided neutron-proton ratio. It has a half-life of 122 ± 5.1 milliseconds. As a consequence of its magic neutron number, nickel-78 is believed to have an important involvement in supernova nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron. 78Ni, along with N = 50 isotones 79Cu and 80Zn, are thought to constitute a waiting point in the r-process, where further neutron capture is delayed by the shell gap and a buildup of isotopes around A = 80 results.
References
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- IAEA – Nuclear Data Section. "Livechart – Table of Nuclides". IAEA – Nuclear Data Section. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
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