The Croonian Medal and Lecture is a prestigious award, a medal, and lecture given at the invitation of the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians.
Among the papers of William Croone at his death in 1684, was a plan to endow a single lectureship at both the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians. His wife provided the bequest in 1701 specifying that it was "for the support of a lecture and illustrative experiment for the advancement of natural knowledge on locomotion, or (conditionally) of such other subjects as, in the opinion of the President for the time being, should be most useful in promoting the objects for which the Royal Society was instituted". One lecture was to be delivered by a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and the other, on the nature and laws of muscular motion, to be delivered before the Royal Society. The Royal Society lecture series began in 1738 and that of the Royal College of Physicians in 1749.
Croone became an original Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1663. He also became a Fellow of the College of Physicians on 29 July 1675. He was appointed lecturer on anatomy at Surgeons' hall in 1670 and pursued research in several important subjects of his day, including respiration, muscular motion, and generation.
One individual, Sir Stephen O’Rahilly FRS, FRCP has received the award twice: initially from the Royal College of Physicians in 2011, and then from the Royal Society in 2022 (below).
2024 Edward C. Holmes, for being a global authority on virus evolution and emergence, who played a key role in the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 and was the first to publicly release the genome sequence. The publication timeline of SARS-CoV-2 has been disputed by GISAID.
2023 Ottoline Leyser, for playing a central role in two of the most important discoveries regarding the nature and perception of plant hormones, and for her contributions to gender equality in science
2022 Stephen O'Rahilly and Sadaf Farooqi, for their seminal discoveries regarding the control of human body weight, resulting in novel diagnostics and therapies, which improve human health
2021 Barry Everitt, for his inventions that expand our understanding of the brain and allow therapeutic development including the co-invention of optogenetics, a technology that has revolutionized neurobiology
2020 Edward Boyden, for his inventions that expand our understanding of the brain and allow therapeutic development including the co-invention of optogenetics, a technology that has revolutionised neurobiology
2019 Dame Kay Davies, for her achievements in developing a prenatal test for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and her work on characterising dystrophin related proteins
2018 Jennifer Doudna, Re-writing the Code of Life: CRISPR Systems and Applications of Gene Editing
2017 Jonathan Felix Ashmore, for his significant contributions to the field of sensory neuroscience, shaping our current understanding of inner ear physiology
2016 Enrico Coen, for his work resulting in a new theoretical and experimental foundation for understanding how the shapes of biological structures arise through development and evolution
2015 Nicholas Barry Davies, for his work on the co-evolved responses of brood parasitic cuckoos and their hosts
2014 Brigid Hogan, for pioneering contributions that have transformed understanding of cell specification, organogenesis and morphogenesis in mammalian development
2013 Frances Ashcroft, From bench to bedside: KATP channels and neonatal diabetes
1955 Charles Herbert Best, Dietary factors in the protection of the liver, kidneys, heart and other organs in experimental animals. The lipotropic agents.
1940 Schack August Steenberg Krogh, The active and passive exchange of inorganic ions through the surfaces of living cells and through living membranes generally.
1880 Samuel Haughton, On some elementary principles in animal mechanics.
1879 W.K. Parker, On the structure & development of the skull in the Lacertilia
1878 H.N. Moseley, On the structure of the Stylasteridae: a family of the hydroid stony corals
1877 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson & Frederick James Montague Page, On the mechanical effects, and on the electrical disturbance consequent on excitation of the leaf of Dionea muscipula.
1876 G.J. Romanes, Preliminary observations on the locomotor system of medusae.
1875 David Ferrier, Experiments on the brain of monkeys.
1874 David Ferrier, The localisation of function in the brain
1870 Augustus V. Waller, On the results of the method (introduced by the author) of investigating the nervous system, more especially as applied to the elucidation of the functions of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves in man.
1868 –1869 Not appointed
1867 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, On the influence exercised by the movements of respiration on the circulation of the blood
1866 Not appointed
1865 Lionel S. Beale, On the ultimate nerve fibres distributed to muscle and some other tissues, with observations upon the structure & probable mode of action of a nervous mechanism
1864 Hermann Helmholtz, On the normal motions of the human eye in relation to binocular vision.
1829 Everard Home, A Report on the Peculiarities met with in the Stomach of the Zariffa.
1828 Not appointed
1827 Everard Home, On the Muscles peculiar to Organs of Sense in particular Quadrupeds and Fishes
1826 Everard Home, An Enquiry into the mode by which the Propagation of the Species is carried on, in the Common Oyster, and in the large Fresh-water Muscle.
1825 Everard Home, On the Structure of a Muscular Fibre from which are derived its Elongation and Contraction
1824 Everard Home, On the existence of Nerves in the Placenta
1823 Everard Home, On the Internal Structure of the Human Brain, when examined in the Microscope, as compared with that of Fishes, Insects and Worms.
1822 Francis Bauer, Microscopical Observations on the suspension of the Muscular Motions of the Vibrio Tritici
1821 Everard Home, On the Anatomical Structure of the Eye; illustrated by Microscopical Drawings, executed by F. Bauer
1820 Everard Home, Microscopical Observations on the following subjects. On the Brain and Nerves; showing that the Materials of which they are composed exist in the Blood
1819 Everard Home, A further Investigation of the component parts of the Blood.
1818 Everard Home, On the conversion of Pus into Granulations, or new flesh.
1817 Everard Home, On the Changes the Blood undergoes in the act of Coagulation.
1814 –1816 Not recorded
1813 Benjamin Collins Brodie, On the Influence of the Nervous System on the Action of the Muscles in general and of the Heart in particular
1811 – 1812 Not recorded
1810 Benjamin Collins Brodie, Physiological Researches, respecting the Influence of the Brain on the Action of the Heart, and on the Generation of Animal Heat.
1809 William Hyde Wollaston, Observations on the Mode of Action of Voluntary Muscles, and on the causes which derange, and assist, the Action of the Heart and Blood Vessels
1808 Thomas Young, On the Functions of the Heart and Arteries
1807 Anthony Carlisle, On the Natural History and Chemical Analysis of the substances which constitute the Muscles of Animals
1806 John Pearson, Remarks on Muscular Power, and on some of the circumstances by which it is increased, diminished or finally abolished
1805 Anthony Carlisle, On the Arrangement and Mechanical Action of the Muscles of Fishes.
1799 Everard Home, On the Structure and Uses of the Membrana Tympani.
1798 Everard Home, Experiments and Observations upon the Structure of Nerves.
1797 John Abernethy, A general Review of the latest opinions relative to Animal Life and Motion.
1796 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
1795 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
1794 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
1793 Everard Home, On Mr. Hunters Experiments to ascertain whether the Crystalline Humour of the Eye be muscular
1792 Not recorded
1791 Matthew Baillie, A general view of the Nature of the Muscles, and an enumeration of the most striking facts connected with the Theory of their Motion.
1790 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
1744 James Parsons, An Introductory Discourse on Muscular Motion
1743 No lecture
1742 James Douglas, (read by William Douglas) Description and Structure of the Human Bladder, with the Uses of its Muscles and Membranes.
1741 James Douglas, Description of the several Muscles, Membranes and parts belonging to the Uvula of the Palate, and concerned in its action; as also of the several parts subservient to the uses of the Tuba Eustachiana
1740 Alexander Stuart, On the Peristaltic Motion of the Intestines. Microscopial Observations on several parts of live Frogs.
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