Yoga

Enye amehehe alo nuwɔna si bɔ ɖe ɣeyiɣi kple ɣeyiɣi vovovowo me, si ƒe taɖodzinue nye, to ŋugbledede, asrafodɔ kple ŋutilã ƒe kamedede me, be yeaɖo amegbetɔ ƒe ɖekawɔwɔ gbɔ le eƒe ŋutilã, susu kple gbɔgbɔme4 ƒe akpawo me.

Yoga ƒe kɔnyinyimɔ vevi ene (mārga) enye jnana yoga, bhakti yoga, karma yoga kple raja yoga. Woɖe wo me le nuŋlɔɖiwo abe Bhagavad-Gita ene me. Ƒe alafa 2 lia D.M.Ŋ. J.-C. kple ƒe alafa 5 lia si woŋlɔ yoga ƒe xexemenunya ɖe ɖoɖo nu le Yoga-sûtra me, nuŋlɔɖi si ŋu woƒo nu tsoe si wogblɔ be Patañjali ye ŋlɔe, kple nufiafia siwo katã li la ƒe ƒuƒoƒo5.

Wozãa nya yoga zi geɖe egbea, vevietɔ le Ɣetoɖoƒedukɔwo me, tsɔ fiaa nɔnɔme yoga ƒomeviwo (le) si woɖe tso hatha yoga me wu alo wu nenema, kple egbegbe nuwɔwɔwo6. Gake hatha yoga, si ƒe agbalẽ xɔŋkɔwo dometɔ ɖeka, si woŋlɔ le ƒe alafa wuiatɔ̃lia me, nye Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā, nye yoga ƒe alɔdze aɖe ko.

Le ƒe 2014 me la, Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ɖe gbeƒã June 21 be enye “Dukɔwo Dome Yoga Ŋkeke”, le India dukɔmevinyenye ƒe Dukplɔlagã Narendra Modi7 ƒe kpɔkplɔ te.

Wohea ɖeklemi nuwɔna siawo le mɔ vovovowo nu, eye vevietɔ ku ɖe wo zazã le asitsatsa me le Ɣetoɖoƒedukɔwo me kple afɔku si le kɔmamãwo ƒe tete ɖa ŋu.

Dzɔtsoƒe kple eƒe gɔmedzedze

Wokpɔ nya yoga le Rig-Veda, si ƒe wɔwɔme dze egɔme tso ƒe alafa 15 lia D.M.Ŋ. J.-C. kple ƒe alafa ewolia D.M.Ŋ. Ke hã, womezãnɛ le gbɔgbɔmehehe ƒe gɔmesese nu o, ke boŋ le gɔmesese bubuwo nu, abe tasiaɖam, kple bubuawo ene, togbɔ be ame aɖewo, abe Tara Michaël ene, gbugbɔ ɖe nya siawo gɔme le gɔmesese sia nu8. Upanishad aɖewo siwo le nuwuwu, abe Shvetashvatara-upanishad ene me koe woƒo nu tsoe9. Ƒe alafa 2 lia D.M.Ŋ. J.-C.

Le gbeŋutise nu la, nya "yoga" (devānagarī: योग) nye, le Sanskritgbe me la, ŋutsu ƒe ŋkɔnya si wotu to tanya ƒe ablɔɖegbeɖiɖi -a 10 tsɔtsɔ kpe ɖe ke YUJ-. ŋu le dzidzenu bliboa me (si woyɔna hã be guṇa degree), ena tanya si nye nuwɔna ƒe ŋkɔnya si wozãna zi geɖe le ŋutsuwo me. Ne wotsɔe yi dzidzenu guṇa gbɔ la, ke YUJ- zua YOJ-. Sanskritgbe me gbeɖiɖisewo bia be woayɔ, le go aɖewo me, gbeɖiɖi si nye aɖuɖɔ j- le afisi gbeɖiɖi si le aɖuɖɔtoe g-11 la le.

Eyata YUJ- si nye radical la zua YOG-. Racal sia tso Indo-Europagbe me nya *yugóm, si ŋutɔ woɖe tso ke *yeug- me. Le Indo-Europagbe me abe alesi wòle le vinyɔnugbe akpa gãtɔ me ene la, nya sia lé eƒe gɔmesese gbãtɔ si nye kɔkuti me ɖe asi (le kpɔɖeŋu me: yukan le Hitigbe me, iugum le Latingbe me, یوغ le Persiagbe me, kple bubuawo)12. YOG- emegbe ɖe mɔ ɖe ŋgɔdonya vovovowo ŋu, siwo dome tanya si woyɔna be yoga- hã le.

Ke hã, le Paninetɔwo ƒe nyagbɔgblɔ ƒe kewo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo, dhatu-patha, ke bubu YUJ, si gɔmee nye "gbɔɖeme" (samadhi) me la, esiae nye esi numeɖela Vyasa2 lé ɖe asi. Abe alesi Yoga-sutra ƒe gɔmesese ɖo kpe edzi ene la: “yoga nye susu ƒe ʋuʋu ƒe tɔtrɔ (gbɔɖeme)”13.

Gɔmeseseŋutinunya

Sanskritgbe me ke YUJ- gɔmee nye “be woawɔ nu ɖekae, awɔ ɖeka1” alo “woaɖi ɖe eme, woadzudzɔ2” gɔ̃ hã. Gɔmesese siwo gbɔna le nya “yoga” ŋu le bubuwo dome (gɔmesese ƒe akpaa keke ŋutɔ) le Sanskritgbe me: “1) nuwɔna si me wozãa nu le; 2) mɔnu si wozãna tsɔ naa hehe sɔwo; 3) mɔfiamewo le zazã ŋu, aɖaŋu; 4) gbɔgbɔ me amehehe; 5) raja-yoga ƒe nuwɔna; 6) hatha yoga ƒe yoga; 7) ɖekawɔwɔ alo ɖekawɔwɔ ƒe nɔnɔme si me ame si le susu me kple ame kɔkɔtɔ le (le Shrî Aurobindo ƒe nya nu)”14.

Le Shankara ƒe vedanta ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi (le bubuawo dome) te la, woagaɖe ke sia gɔme le gɔmesese si nye "ɖekawɔwɔ" si le atman kple brahman dome nu, evɔ le Yoga-sutra si me wowɔa nu eve le ƒe ɣeyiɣia me la, etsi tre ɖe ɖekamawɔmawɔ ŋu, si nye gbɔgbɔ me monad (purusha) si wòle be wòaɖe eɖokui ɖa keŋkeŋ tso xexeame2.

Eyata gɔmesese si le nya "yoga" ŋu keke ta ŋutɔ le India, eye menye kamedefefe alo ŋugbledede gɔ̃ hã koe wònye o: le nyadzɔdzɔŋlɔla Marie Kock, si ŋlɔ numekuku aɖe si ku ɖe yoga ƒe ŋutinya ŋu ƒe nya nu la, "Kakaɖedzitɔe la, nudzɔdzɔ aɖewo dzɔ le nya “yoga” si le ƒe akpe geɖe ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo me. Gake gɔmesese ɖeka menɔ eŋu kura o, efia aʋawɔwɔ ƒe agbenyuinɔnɔ le afisia, mɔ aɖe si dzi woato abla sɔwo le afima, le teƒe bubuwo la, enye nuwɔna ƒomevi aɖe.

Nukae nye yoga-wɔla ?

Le Hindutɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu nu la, yogi (Sanskritgbe me IAST: yogī) alo yogin (le nyɔnugbe me la, yogini) nye asrafo si wɔa yoga si ate ŋu anye samnyâsin, sādhu alo guru. Nya la mefia dɔ aɖe o ke boŋ gbɔgbɔ me ɖokuitsɔtsɔna ƒomevi aɖee; wozãnɛ hã le Buddha-subɔsubɔ me16 tsɔ fiaa amesi tsɔ eɖokui na ɖe susu ƒe hehexɔxɔ ŋu17.

yoga ƒe nyatiwo

Woŋlɔ aphorism 195 ƒe hatsotso sia ɖe se nu le ƒe alafa 2 lia D.M.Ŋ. M.Ŋ., si Patañjali ŋlɔ. Eƒo nu tso amegbetɔ ƒe xexeame katã ememetɔ kple mɔnu siwo dzi woato awɔ dɔ atsɔ aɖe eɖokui tso numanyamanya (अविद्या avidyā) me, si ahe fukpekpe vɛ ŋu. Yoga Sūtra24 ŋlɔ yoga wɔwɔ ɖe ta ene me:

Ta I, Le ɖekawɔwɔ ŋu25: Samādhi pāda.

Sutra gbãtɔ si nye “Eye fifia yoga ƒe nufiafiae nye esi”26 la gɔmeɖeɖe le numeɖelawo gbɔ be efia aƒetɔ-nusrɔ̃la ƒe kɔsɔkɔsɔ si me wotsɔa dɔlékuiwo kaka ɖo. ta sia ɖe yoga ƒe taɖodzinu me enumake27 si menye nusi mewɔ nuku na Ɣetoɖoƒetɔ siwo zu numame na be wonya âsana (nɔnɔmewo) ɖeɖeko o: le Patañjali gome la, enye susu ƒe ʋuʋu ƒe nutsitsi28 si doa fukpekpe kple tɔtɔ si le ego si woxɔ na Ameɖokui la me29. Emegbe efia mɔxenuwo kple mɔ siwo dzi woato aɖu wo dzi: mlɔeba la, etsɔ kpɔɖeŋu aɖe ɖo ŋkume, eye wòɖɔ samadhi ƒe akpa vovovoawo.

Ta II, Le mɔzɔzɔa me: Sādhana pāda.

Ta sia klo nu le nusiwo hea fukpekpe vɛ dzi eye wòdo vovototodedeameme ɖa be wòanye mɔ si dzi woato ado le eme. Be woatu vovototodedeameme ɖo la, Ashtanga yoga ƒe mɔ enyiawo dzi wɔwɔ le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me nyea yoga-wɔwɔ ƒe gɔmeɖoanyiwo.

1- yama: agbenyuinɔnɔ ƒe gɔmedzedɔwo wɔwɔ ɖe ame bubuwo ŋu kpakple ame ŋutɔ hã ŋu.

2- niyama: amehehe eye nàdzidze ɖokuiwò le gbesiagbe nuwɔna me.

3- āsana: be woatsi tre le mɔ si li ke nu; Patañjali meƒoa nu tso nɔnɔme aɖe koŋ ŋu le ɣeyiɣi aɖeke me o, ne enɔ anyi alo le tsitrenu hã.

4- Prāṇāyāma: gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe ƒe dzesidede; Patañjali megblɔ Prāṇāyāma aɖeke tsitotsito o, eye meƒo nu tso gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe ŋu gbeɖe o.

5- pratyāhāra: alesi woama seselelãme ƒe nukpɔsusu kple nusi wosusu la nyanya.

Anga (afɔ) atɔ̃ siawoe nye hatha-yoga ƒe gɔmedzenu veviwo.

Ta III, Ŋusẽwo: Vibhūti pāda.

Ang etɔ̃ mamlɛawo ŋuti numeɖeɖe:

6- dhāraṇā: susu tsɔtsɔ ɖo nu ŋu, susu ƒe susu tsɔtsɔ ɖe nu ŋu, susu ɖeka dzi nɔnɔ.

7- dhyāna: ŋugbledede deto, sidzedze ƒe nyawo katã ɖɔɖɔɖo ɖe nusi wosusu ƒe dzime (kpɔ ŋugbledede).

8- samādhi: ŋugbledede deto, nuwo kple nudzɔdzɔ siwo mele ame ŋutɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu ɖesiaɖe godo la kpɔkpɔ.

Emegbe ta sia nyɔ ŋusẽ wɔnukuwo (siddhi) ƒe asiɖoɖo ame dzi, eye wòxlɔ̃ nu be ŋusẽ siawo didi ate ŋu ava zu mɔxenu.

Ta IV, Le Ablɔɖekpɔkpɔ Ŋu: Kaivalya pāda.

Karma kple evewɔwɔ ɖeɖefia, emegbe tso evewɔwɔ me yi ɖekawɔwɔ me. Enye tanya siwo katã woɖe ɖe go xoxo la gbugbɔgadzedze deto ɖe vovototodedeameme mamlɛtɔ si kplɔa ame yia ablɔɖe me gbɔ.