溺

Translingual edit

Han character edit

溺 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水弓一一 (ENMM), four-corner 3712₇, composition ⿰氵弱)

Derived characters edit

𡀡, 𡣄, 𦡥, 𬉪

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 641, character 11
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17990
Dae Jaweon: page 1048, character 17
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1710, character 7
Unihan data for U+6EBA

Unihan data for U+F9EC

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (弱) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
嫋	*neːwʔ
弱	*njewɢ
溺	njewɢ, neːwɢ
蒻	*njewɢ
搦	rneːwɢ, rnaːwɢ
愵	*neːwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njewɢ, *neːwɢ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 弱 (OC *njewɢ).

Etymology 1 edit

trad.		溺
simp. ^#		溺
alternative forms		㲻氼

Schuessler (2007) proposes the following possibilities:

Related to Burmese နစ် (nac, “to sink; to drown”), Burmese နှစ် (hnac, “to immerse”), but the vowels do not agree.
Related to Burmese နှိုက်း (hnuik:, “to penetrate; to put one's hand into”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nì (ni⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): nik⁶, nik¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ni̍t
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): le̍k / lia̍k
(Teochew, Peng'im): nêg⁸

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nì
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nì
  - Wade–Giles: ni⁴
  - Yale: nì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nih
  - Palladius: ни (ni)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: nik⁶, nik¹
  - Yale: nihk, nīk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: nik⁹, nik⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: nig⁶, nig¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nɪk̚²/, /nɪk̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ni̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System: nid
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nid⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /nit̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
  - Tâi-lô: li̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lek
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: lia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liak
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: nêg⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ne̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nek̚⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 溺
Mandarin	Beijing	/ni⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ni⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ni⁵³/
	Jinan	/ȵi²¹/
	Qingdao	/ni⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ni³¹²/
	Xi'an	/ni²¹/
	Xining	/mji²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ni¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ȵi¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ȵi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ni²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ȵie³¹/ /ȵi³¹/
	Guiyang	/ni²¹/
	Kunming	/ni³¹/
	Nanjing	/liʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/liəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/niəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/ȵiʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/niəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵiɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ȵiəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵiəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ȵai²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/ni²²/
Hui	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵi²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵi²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/nit̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/nek̚²/
	Nanning	/nek̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/nek̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/lik̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/niʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ni²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/nek̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/niɔk̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: nek

Rime
Character	溺
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	錫 (127)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	奴歷切
Baxter	nek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nek̚/
Pan Wuyun	/nek̚/
Shao Rongfen	/nɛk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nɛjk̚/
Li Rong	/nek̚/
Wang Li	/niek̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/niek̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	nik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤewk/
(Zhengzhang): /*neːwɢ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	溺
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nì
Middle Chinese	‹ nek ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁewk/
English	to sink in water
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	溺
Reading #	2/2
No.	10952
Phonetic component	弱
Rime group	藥
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	惄
Old Chinese	/*neːwɢ/

Definitions edit

溺

Compounds edit

人溺己溺
大水沖溺／大水冲溺
己飢己溺／己饥己溺
惑溺
扶危拯溺
拯危扶溺
拯溺
拯溺扶危
拯溺救焚
拯溺濟危／拯溺济危
授手援溺
援溺振渴
救焚拯溺
桀溺
沉溺 (chénnì)
沒溺／没溺
沮溺
溺亡 (nìwáng)
溺信
溺嬰／溺婴 (nìyīng)
溺志
溺愛／溺爱 (nì'ài)
溺斃／溺毙 (nìbì)
溺死 (nìsǐ)
溺水 (nìshuǐ)
溺職／溺职 (nìzhí)
溺谷
溺途
焚溺
網路沉溺症／网路沉溺症
耽溺 (dānnì)
見溺不救／见溺不救
遇溺 (yùnì)
鍾溺／钟溺
陷溺
飢溺為懷／饥溺为怀

Etymology 2 edit

trad.		溺
simp. ^#		溺

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): niào (niao⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄠˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): niu⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: niào
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄠˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: niào
  - Wade–Giles: niao⁴
  - Yale: nyàu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niaw
  - Palladius: няо (njao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: niu⁶
  - Yale: niuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: niu⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: niu⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niːu̯²²/

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kə.nˤewk-s/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	溺
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	niào
Middle Chinese	‹ new^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kə.nˁewk-s/
English	urine
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions edit

溺

Alternative form of 尿 (“urine; to urinate”)

Compounds edit

便溺 (biànniào)
屎溺
撒溺
溺器
溲溺
溺窩子／溺窝子
貓溺／猫溺
道在屎溺 (dàozàishǐniào)
阿金溺銀／阿金溺银

Etymology 3 edit

trad.		溺
simp. ^#		溺

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): ruò (ruo⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄖㄨㄛˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: ruò
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄛˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ruò
  - Wade–Giles: jo⁴
  - Yale: rwò
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruoh
  - Palladius: жо (žo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: nyak

Rime
Character	溺
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	藥 (107)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	而灼切
Baxter	nyak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨɐk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiɐk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵɨak̚/
Li Rong	/ȵiak̚/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭak̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ak̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ruò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	joek⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*njewɢ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	溺
Reading #	1/2
No.	10948
Phonetic component	弱
Rime group	藥
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	若
Old Chinese	/*njewɢ/

Definitions edit

溺

^‡ Alternative form of 弱 (ruò, “name of a river”)
^† Alternative form of 弱 (ruò, “weak”)

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

溺

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

to drown
(rare) urine

Readings edit

Go-on: にゃく (nyaku); にょう (nyō)^{←ねう (neu, historical)}
Kan-on: でき (deki, Jōyō); じょう (jō)^{←でう (deu, historical)}
Kun: おぼれる (oboreru, 溺れる, Jōyō); いばり (ibari, 溺)

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
溺
にょう Grade: S
goon

For pronunciation and definitions of 溺 – see the following entry.

【尿にょう】S

[noun] [from 1275] urine

(This term, 溺, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Middle Chinese 溺 (MC nek).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 녁〮 (Yale: nyék) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 닉 (nik) (Yale: nik) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Recorded as Middle Korean 릭 (lik) (Yale: lik) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation edit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [nik̚] ~ [ik̚]
Phonetic hangul: [닉/익]

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

溺

Wikisource

溺 (eumhun 빠질 닉 (ppajil nik), South Korea 빠질 익 (ppajil ik))

Hanja form^? of 닉/익 (“drown”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

탐닉 (耽溺, tamnik)
익사 (溺死, iksa, “drown”)
몰닉 (沒溺, mollik)

Etymology 2 edit

Related to Middle Chinese 尿 (MC newH).

Hanja edit

溺 (eumhun 오줌 뇨 (ojum nyo), South Korea 오줌 요 (ojum yo))

Alternative form of 尿 (“Hanja form^? of 뇨/요 (“urine”).”)

References edit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

溺: Hán Nôm readings: nịch, niệu, nịu

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References edit

Nom Foundation